03 Routing Basics

RE-300-E1
ZXR10 Routing Technology
Basic Routing Principles

V1122
ZTE University
Data Communication Group

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
Objectives
Router definition and function

Basic conception
Working principle of router
IP routing process

Router definition(1)
RouterA kind of computer device used to

interconnect network
Router must have the following features:

Multiple three layer interfaces to interconnect
different networks
Implement the protocol up to the network layer
Have the function of storingforwardingpath-
finding

Router functions(2)
The core function of router is interconnecting networks

and data forwarding.
routingbuilding route table and refreshing

switchingforwarding packet between networks.
Insulate broadcast packetsdefine access rule.
Connecting different kinds of networks.
Rate adapting between networks.

Objectives
Router definition and function

Basic conception
IP routing process

Basic concepts
routed protocol
routing protocol
routing table
metric
connected route
static route
dynamic route
default route
distance
the longest matching principle
Classful / classless routing
Routing protocol and routed protocol
10.120.2.0 172.16.2.0
E0
S0
Network Destination Exit Interface 172.17.3.0

Protocol Network
Connected 10.120.2.0 fei_0/1
RIP 172.16.2.0 e1_1
OSPF 172.17.3.0 e1_2
Routed protocol: IP
Routing protocol: RIP, OSPF
Route table
The information that router need to forward data is

stored in a table, called route table
Router check the destination address of the packet,and
choose the next hop based on the information in route
table.
Route table is stored in RAM

Route table composition
Route table composition:

Destination address
Mask
Next hop address (Gateway)
Forwarding physical interface
Source of the information(Owner)
Route priority
metric

Route table composition
Example
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric
172.16.8.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.1.1 fei_0/1.1 static 1 0
172.16.8.0 -- Destination network address

255.255.255.0 -- Destination network mask
1.1.1.1 -- Next hop address
fei_0/1.1 -- Route learning interface and forwarding interface
static -- how does router learns this entry
1 -- route priority
0 -- Metric

Route table establishing and refreshing
How is route established at the beginning?
How to maintain the route table after it is

established?

Route Types
Directly
Default route
connected route
Static route Dynamic route

Directly connected route
10.0.0.1/24 192.168.0.1/30
A 192.168.0.2/30 172.16.0.1/24
B
IPv4 Routing Table:
10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 fei_0/1 direct 0 0

10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 10.0.0.1 fei_0/1 address 0 0
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.252 192.168.0.1 e1_1 direct 0 0
192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.1 e1_1 address 0 0
ZXR10#
Directly connected route

When network address is configured and the status of the interface is valid, the
network configured on this network will appear in the route table and associated
with this interfacethe route will change with the status of the interface.

Static route configuration
Stub Network
172.16.1.0
SO
10.0.0.0
B A
B
Network 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1
ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
This is a unidirectional route, there should be an opposite route

configured on the counterpart router.

Default route configuration
Example Stub Network
172.16.1.0
SO
Network A BB
172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
Default route is configured on the egress router in a

stub network.
Dynamic route
OSPF RIP OSPF RIP
1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8 3.0.0.0/8
Routing protocol is a software process running on the

router. It will exchange routing information with other
routersstudying route information of network not
directly connected and adjusting the route information
when topology changes.

Route priority
Select the route that has the highest priority to the route
table
RIP OSPF
10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/1 10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/3
10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/3
Notice the comparison of route Route table
priority must be between identical
routes.
Default route priority
Route Source Default priority

Connected interface 0
Static route 1
External BGP 20
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP v1, v2 120
Internal BGP 200
Special (For inner process) 255

Float static route
fei_1/1 e1_2/1.1
DDN
Network
serial_3/1
PSTN
How to configure static route when there are

redundant links?

Float static route
fei_1/1 e1_2/1.1
DDN
Network
serial_3/1
PSTN
ZXR10(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 e1_2/1.1

ZXR10(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial_3/1 5

Longest match principle
ZXR10#show ip route
IPv4 Routing Table:
1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 direct 0 0

1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 address 0 0
2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_1/1.2 direct 0 0
2.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 2.1.1.1 fei_1/1.2 address 0 0
3.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 3.1.1.1 fei_1/1.3 direct 0 0
3.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 3.1.1.1 fei_1/1.3 address 0 0
10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 ospf 110 10
10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_1/1.2 static 1 0
10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 3.1.1.1 fei_1/1.3 rip 120 5
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 static 0 0
10.1.1.1?
Objectives
Router definition and functions

Basic conception
IP routing process

Router working principle
Routing function
Study and maintain the network topology,produce and maintain
route table
Forwarding function
Data transferring and processing procedure(Receiving data on one
interface,then choose an appropriate interface to send it out,
including the work of frame encapsulation and decapsulation)

Route function
Study and maintain the network topology mechanism is

regarded as the function of routing.It requires several
basic information
What kind of protocols to route

Is the destination network address in the route table?
Which interface to send out the packet
What is the next hop address

Forwarding Function
Frame checking and cache the Coming

packet interface
Associate destination address with Route

Maintained by routing protocol
the next hop interface table
Create the frame head with the ARP cache Maintained by

physical address LAN Mapping list
WAN ARP or RARP
process
Packet encapsulation and Out interface
forwarding

Route working process summary
Add route based on route priority Search entry in route table

Based on destination address
Routing
Routing
Routing
process
Routing
process
process Route Forwarding
process table process
Longest match
principles
Routing protocol study
possible route,select the
best route based on metric

Objectives
Router definition and functions

Basic conception
IP routing process

Communication in the same
network
To router1
Network
Hub/switch
A
Communication
requirement

Communication process
A B
Network
IP address192.168.1.1 IP address192.168.1.2
MAC address00:20:AF:00:00:01 MAC address00:20:AF:00:00:02
No need to consider
higher layer protocols
Encapsulate IP decapsulate
address in IP packet
Protocol IP layer packet and send Receiving IP layer
layer to 192.168.1.2 IP packet
ARP
Ethernet Encapsulate MAC Decapsulate Ethernet

address in frame MAC frame
and send to MAC Receiving
address MAC frame
00:20:AF:00:00:02

Communication between different
network
Router Router
DDN
PPP
Network A Network B
Ethernet Ethernet
Communication
requirements

Communication between different
network
Network
PPP
Ethernet Ethernet
fei-1/1 e1_2/1.1 e1_2/1.1 fei-1/1
HOST A HOST B
No need to consider No need to consider
Protocol higher layer protocols higher layer protocols
IP IP IP IP IP IP
IP layer IP layer IP layer IP layer
packet packet packet packet packet packet
Ethernet Serial Serial Ethernet

Ethernet Ethernet
interface interface interface interface
MAC PPP MAC
frame frame frame
Send host router router Receiving
A host B
PPP
packet
Communication process
Get peer IP address
Whether in the same YES YES

Is the peer MAC Data link layer
network
address in ARP table? encapsulation
with peer
NO NO
Get peer MAC

Address by ARP Send data at
physical layer
YES
Is gateway YES Is the gateway MAC Data link layer
configured address in ARP? encapsulation
NO NO
End
Get gateway MAC
Send error message
address by ARP

IP communication process
IP communication process basic conception:

IP communication is hop by hop communication
Source IP and destination IP address is unchanged
Every time the packet passed a data link layer,there
will be a new encapsulation of the packet
The return path is not related to the forwarding
path

Network protocol layer process
X
C Y
A
B
X Y
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session A B C Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical

Routing process example
R1 route table
192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.1 e1_1/1.1 direct 0 0
192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 1
192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 1
192.168.1.0 /24 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 2
fei_1/1
R2
e1_1/1.1 e1_2/1.1
192.168.6.0 /24
192.168.4.0 /24
e1_1/1.1
e1_1/1.1
R3
R1
fei_1/1
fei_1/1 Destination address:
192.168.3.3 192.168.3.0 /24
192.168.2.0 /24
192.168.2.3 A B
192.168.3.3
R2 route table
192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1/1.1 direct 0 0
192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e1_2/1.1 direct 0 0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0
192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.1 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 1
192.168.1.0 /24 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.2 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 1
fei_1/1
R2
e1_1/1.1 e1_2/1.1
192.168.4.0 /24 192.168.6.0 /24
Destination Address: e1_1/1.1

e1_1/1.1 192.168.3.3
R3
R1
fei_1/1
fei_1/1
192.168.2.0 /24 192.168.3.0 /24
192.168.2.3 1.Destination address:192.168.3.3
192.168.3.3
R3 route table
192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0
192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.2 e1_1/1.1 direct 0 0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 1
192.168.1.0 /24 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 1
fei_1/1 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e1_1/1.1 rip 120 2
R2
e1_1/1.1 e1_2/1.1
192.168.4.0 /24 192.168.6.0 /24
Destination address: e1_1/1.1

e1_1/1.1 192.168.3.3
R3 Return path
R1
fei_1/1
fei_1/1
192.168.2.0 /24 192.168.3.0 /24
192.168.2.3 192.168.3.3
Review
Definition of router
Router functions
Basic conceptions in routing
IP routing process within the same subnet
IP routing process between different subnet

Questions
Whats the two main functions of router?

How is the route table established?
What is the standard when a router is selecting the
route to route table?
When forwarding IP packet, If there are many
matches, what will router do?
Describe the encapsulation and decapsulation
during the process of IP routing .


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RE-300-E1

ZXR10 Routing Technology

Basic Routing Principles

Data Communication Group

Router definition and function

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

RouterA kind of computer device used to

Router must have the following features:

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

The core function of router is interconnecting networks

routingbuilding route table and refreshing

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Router definition and function

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Network Destination Exit Interface 172.17.3.0

The information that router need to forward data is

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Route table composition:

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

172.16.8.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.1.1 fei_0/1.1 static 1 0

172.16.8.0 -- Destination network address

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

How is route established at the beginning?

How to maintain the route table after it is

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Static route Dynamic route

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 fei_0/1 direct 0 0

Directly connected route

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

This is a unidirectional route, there should be an opposite route

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Example Stub Network

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

Default route is configured on the egress router in a

OSPF RIP OSPF RIP

1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8 3.0.0.0/8

Routing protocol is a software process running on the

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/1 10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/3

Route Source Default priority

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

How to configure static route when there are

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

ZXR10(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 e1_2/1.1

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 direct 0 0

Router definition and functions

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Study and maintain the network topology mechanism is

What kind of protocols to route

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Frame checking and cache the Coming

Associate destination address with Route

Create the frame head with the ARP cache Maintained by

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Add route based on route priority Search entry in route table

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Router definition and functions

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Ethernet Encapsulate MAC Decapsulate Ethernet