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1- Text Book,
Fundamental of Molecular Spectroscopy,
C. N. Banwell, 4 th ed.,1995
2- Internet website
WWW.hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
Molecular
spectroscopy
may be defined
as the study of
the interaction of
electromagnetic
Waves and
matter
We shall be concerned
with
What spectroscopy can tell us of the
structure of matter
All the above energies of the molecule are quantized except the
Transitional Energy.
E = E2 - E1 = h n
(joules)Where
nis the frequency
of the light photon
absorbed
i -Symmetric stretching vibration;
The dipole moment remains zero
**infra-red inactiv **
Antisymmetrical stretch,
there is a periodic alteration
in the dipole moment,
infra-red active**
Exercise
1- What is the role of Spectroscopy?
2- Define and\or characterize:-
Molecular energies, light, Quantized energy, IR-active
molecule.
3- Arrange the following spectral regions according to
increase in energy (start with smallest), Radio wave, x-
rays, visible rays, Which region can only produce n.m.r
spectra?
4- Show by diagrams only how a vibrating molecule can
interact with light
Homework
Problems 1.1 and 1.2 page 39 (Banwell)
Representation of Spectra
Generally, the spectral band is characterized by
position, width, and intensity.
The position of the spectral bands, or the frequencies at which the molecule absorb,
depends on its structural features ( Functional group) as well as on its environment.
** The two most important features of
spectral lines are:-
2- Collisions thus shorten the lifetimes of excited states and lead to the broadening of the associated spectral lines.
b) Doppler Broadening
* The frequency that an object emits is modified by its speed relative to the observer (detector).
** It is possible to eliminate Doppler broadening by investigating a molecular beam of the
atoms / molecules and placing the detector at a 90 deg angle to the direction of the beam.
2- Population of States:-
For thermal equilibrium, the probability of a state in thermal equilibrium is given
by the Boltzmann Distribution:
Nupper / Nlower = exp(-E/kT)