ANTENNA

FUNDAMENTALS
 The first license granted for transmitting a broadcast was
given on February 23, 1922. The Radio Club of Calcutta
was the first radio club to start functioning in Nov-1924
The Government run broadcasting set up was called the
India State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) which is then
turned into AIR (All India Radio) in June 1936.
The introduction of the commercial channel Vividh Bharti
in October 1957 increased the interest and popularity of
radio.
AIR today has a network of 277 broadcasting centres with
149 medium frequency(MW), 54 high frequency (SW) and
171 FM transmitters.
WHAT IS AN ANTENNA?
 Characteristics
Input Impedance
Radiation Efficiency
Different Field Regions
Power Gain
Polarization
 Antenna Radiation Resistance

The input impedance Zin of an antenna is the ratio

of voltage to current at its input terminals, where
the power is fed to the antenna.
Zin = Ra + jXa, where
Ra = Resistive part of impedance
Xa = Reactive part of impedance
Ra = Rr+Ri
 Radiation Efficiency
The radiation efficiency determines the
effective transfer of power from the input to
free space, and is given by
Rr
Radiation Efficiency = -------------
Ri + Rr
 Field Regions
The field regions are divide in three types

Reactive near-field

Radiating near-field

Far-field
Half Power (3 dB) Beam Width
& Directivity

The angle between the two directions in which the

radiation intensity is one half (3 dB below) of the
maximum value is called half power beam width.

The direction of max. Radiation intensity is called the

directivity of antenna
 Power Gain of Antenna

Unlike the isotropic antenna, any practical antenna

has physical dimension.

Extending this principle, very large power gain can be

achieved in any plane by stacking a number of
antenna elements in the perpendicular plane, in a
particular way.
Polarisation
The plane containing the electric vector in
the electromagnetic wave describes the
polarisation of the radiated wave.
There are a number of well defined polarisation
Horizontal polarisation
Vertical polarisation
Circular polarisation
Dual polarisation
Elliptical polarisation
 Aperture of an Antenna

Aperture of a receiving antenna is the ratio of

power delivered to the load to the incident power
density.
G
A= -------
4
where G is the gain with respect to the isotropic
anteena
Medium Wave Antenna

Self Radiating MW Mast Antennas

Top Loaded Antenna

'T' and 'L' Antenna

 Short Wave Antenna
The short waves (3 to 30 MHz) get attenuated
very rapidly with distance if they travel close to
the earth.
Dipole with centre fed arrangement is used.

The impedance of single dipole is about 73

ohms.
 F M Antenna

FM Antenna are two type

Pole type

Panel type
 Conclusion
Now a days we use FM Antenna over AM
Antenna

At same FM tower we can use FM and TV

broadcasting

FM broadcasting in Omni directional

FM tower height we approx 100mt but AM

tower is up to 100 to 150mt