Kelas A Sistem Digital EL2103

Ihsan Hariadi, Rudi Uswarman

Program Studi Teknik Elektro
Institut Teknologi Sumatera
Classes
Student of EE Engineering 2016
Lectures:
Ihsan Hariadi
Rudi Uswarman
Time: Monday 07:00 - 9:30

Email: hariadi1981@gmail.com
uswarman@el.itera.ac.id
Requisite
Prerequisite
Introduction to Circuit Analysis/Pengantar Analisa Rangkaian
Co-requisite
Digital System Laboratory/Praktikum Sistem Digital
Class Informations
Text Book
S. Brown and Z. Vranesic: Fundamentals of Digital Logic and
VHDL Design, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2009
Other References
J. M. Yarborough, Digital Logic Application and Design, West
Publishing Co, St. Paul, 1997
V. P. Nelson, H. T. Nagle, B. D. Carroll, and D. Irwin, Digital
Logic Circuit Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, 1995
Class Assesment
Homework & Quiz 35%
Midterm 30%
Final Exam 35%
Course Content
Fundamentals of digital logic design. Covers
combinational, sequential, programmable logic devices,
hardware description languages, and computer-aided
design (CAD) tools.
Deleted material in this semester:
1. Quine-McCluskey
2. Asynchronous machine
Aditional material in this semester:
1. Sistem Design
Course Schedule
Week Topics Chapter
1 Introduction + Boolean Algebra 2
2 Boolean Algebra + Implementation Technology 2+3
3 Implementation Technology 3
4 Implementation Technology + Optimized Implementation of Logic Functions 3 +4
5 Optimized Implementation of Logic Functions 4
6 Optimized Implementation of Logic Functions + Combinational Circuit Building 4+6
Blocks
7 Combinational Circuit Building Blocks 6
8 Mid Term Exam 1-4,6
9 Number Representation & Arithmetic Circuit 5
10 Number Representation & Arithmetic Circuit + Sequential Circuit Elements 5+7
11 Sequential Circuit Elements 7
12 Sequential Circuit Elements & State Machines 7
13 State Machines 8
14 Sistem design 10
15 Sistem Design 10
16 Final Exam All
Overview
This course
Digital logic fundamentals
Programmable logic devices
CAD tools and VHDL
Related courses
Computer engineering
Chip design and manufacturing
Telecommunications
Career paths
Digital design for custom applications (Xlinix, Altera,Actel, ...)
Semiconductor manufacturing (Intel, Micron, TI)
Microprocessor development (HP)
 Why Study Digital Design?
Look under the hood of computers
Solid understanding --> confidence, insight, even
better programmer when aware of hardware
resource issues
Electronic devices becoming digital
Enabled by shrinking and more capable chips
Enables:
Better devices: Better sound recorders, cameras, cars,
cell phones, medical devices,...
New devices: Video games, PDAs, ...
Known as embedded systems
Thousands of new devices every year
Designers needed: Potential career direction

Satellites DVD Video Musical

players recorders instruments
Portable
music players Cell phones Cameras TVs ???

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Years shown above indicate when digital version began to dominate
(Not the first year that a digital version appeared)
Note: Slides with animation are denoted with a small red "a" near the animated items
What Does Digital Mean?
Analog signal Digital signal
Inifinite possible values Finite possible values
Ex: voltage on a wire created Ex: button pressed on a
by microphone keypad

1 2 3 4

2
digital
signal
analog
signal
Possible values: Possible values:
4

value
value

1.00, 1.01, 2.0000009, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

... infinite possibilities 3 Thats it.
2
1
0
time time
 Digital Signals with Only Two Values: Binary
Binary digital signal -- only two
possible values

value
Typically represented as 0 and 1
One binary digit is a bit 1
Well only consider binary digital signals 0
time
Binary is popular because
Transistors, the basic digital electric
component, operate using two voltages
(more in Chpt. 2)
Storing/transmitting one of two values is
easier than three or more (e.g., loud beep or
quiet beep, reflection or no reflection)
 Example of Digitization Benefit

lengthy transmission
Analog signal (e.g., audio) may

Volts

(e.g, cell phone)

lose quality 3 3
Voltage levels not 2 2
saved/copied/transmitted 1 original signal 1 received signal
perfectly 0 0
Digitized version enables near- time time
perfect save/cpy/trn. How fix -- higher, lower,
01 10 11 10 11
?

lengthy transmission
Sample voltage at particular

(e.g, cell phone)

rate, save sample using bit a2d

Volts
a
encoding
Voltage levels still not kept 1 digitized signal 1
perfectly 0
0
But we can distinguish 0s from
1s time time
Can fix -- easily distinguish
Let bit encoding be: 01 10 11 10 11 0s and 1s, restore
1 V: 01 Digitized signal not d2a
2 V: 10
Volts

perfect re-creation, 3
3 V: 11 but higher sampling
rate and more bits per 2
encoding brings closer. 1
0 time
Digitized Audio: Compression Benefit
Digitized audio can be Example compression scheme:
compressed 00 --> 0000000000
01 --> 1111111111
e.g., MP3s 1X --> X
A CD can hold about 20
songs uncompressed, 0000000000 0000000000 0000001111 1111111111
but about 200
compressed 00 00 10000001111 01

Compression also done

on digitized pictures
(jpeg), movies (mpeg),
and more
Digitization has many
other benefits too
Advantages of Digital
Less susceptible to noise results are reproducible
others?
ease of design
flexibility and functionality
programmability instead of rewiring by hand
speed
economy
 How Do We Encode Data as Binary for Our Digital
System?
analog Some inputs inherently binary button
a

phenomena
Button: not pressed (0), pressed 0 1
(1)
sensors and
other inputs Some inputs inherently digital red blue green black
electric digital
signal data Just need encoding in binary 0 0 0

A2D e.g., multi-button input: encode red blue green black

digital red=001, blue=010, ...

data 0 0 1
Some inputs analog
Digital System Need analog-to-digital conversion red blue green black

digital digital As done in earlier slide -- sample 0 1 0

data data and encode with bits air 33
D2A degrees
electric
signal temperature
actuators and sensor
other outputs

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Digital Hardware
Basic components are
gates (AND, OR, NOT)
made of transistors
Integrated circuits a
collection of gates on a
single silicon chip
ICs are cut from a silicon
wafer
Moores Law
Number of transistors on a chip doubles every 1.5 to 2 years
Trend has held from 1960s through today
Implementing Digital Systems: Programming
Microprocessors Vs. Designing Digital Circuits
Programmed Custom designed Microprocessors a
Desired motion-at-night detector microprocessor digital circuit
common choice to
implement a digital
system
Easy to program
Cheap (as low as $1)
Available now

I0 P0 void main() 1
I1 P1 a
{ 0
I2 P2 while (1) { 1
I3 P3 P0 = I0 && !I1; 0b
I4 P4
// F = a and !b,
I5 P5 1
I6 P6 } F
0
I7 P7 }
6:00 7:057:06 9:009:01 time
Digital Design: When Microprocessors Arent Good
Enough
With microprocessors so easy, Q: How long for each
Image Sensor
cheap, and available, why Micro-
processor
implementation option?
design a digital circuit? (Read,
(a) 5+8+1
Microprocessor may be too slow Memory
Compress,
and Store) =14 sec
Or too big, power hungry, or
costly Image Sensor Read Compress
circuit circuit
.1+.5+.8
Sample digital camera task execution times (in
=1.4 sec
seconds) on a microprocessor versus a digital (b)
Store a
circuit: Memory
circuit

Task Microprocessor Custom

Digital Circuit Image Sensor Read Compress
circuit circuit
Read 5 0.1 .1+.5+1
Compress 8 0.5 (c) =1.6 sec
Microprocessor
Store 1 0.8 Memory (Store) Good
compromise
Trend = Increasing Complexity
Early design used standard chips
Fixed functionality
Relatively few transistors (100s)
74xxx series chips
Modern design
Much higher transistor count (many millions)
Custom designed chips
Programmable logic devices (PLDs)
Computer Tools for Design
Are essential due
to complexity
Design concept
Functional and
timing simulations
Still need to Initial design
prototype in
hardware and test
Simulation Redesign

No
Design correct?

Yes

Successful design
Chapter Summary
Digital systems surround us
Inside computers
Inside huge variety of other electronic devices (embedded
systems)
Digital systems use 0s and 1s
Encoding analog signals to digital can provide many benefits
e.g., audio -- higher-quality storage/transmission, compression, etc.
Encoding integers as 0s and 1s: Binary numbers
Microprocessors (themselves digital) can implement
many digital systems easily and inexpensively
But often not good enough -- need custom digital circuits