Temperature and Thermal Energy

Temperature and energy

 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Kinetic Theory of Matter
The motion of the particles in matter is
described by kinetic theory of matter.
Matter is
composed of
particles that
are atoms,
molecules, or
ions that always
are in random
motion.
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Temperature
The temperature of a substance is a
measure of the average kinetic energy
of its particles.
The SI unit for temperature is the
Kelvin (K).
As kinetic energy increases the
temperature increases
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Here is a
picture
showing the
three
temperature
scales side
by side
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Temperature

B. Thermometer
device that measures
temperature
Relies on expansion of
heated materials and
contraction of cooled
materials
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Temperature
1. Liquid thermometers
glass tube filled with a
liquid

Limited temperature range

a. Mercury filled
b. Alcohol filled

Particles move faster as

heated and expand and
rise up the tube
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Temperature

2. Metal thermometers
2 bonded strips of metal (2 different metals)
that expand and contract at different rates
A coiled piece of metal
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Temperature
Commonly used temperature scales are
the Celsius (oC) scale, the Fahrenheit (oF)
scale, and the Kelvin (K) scale.
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Temperature
Energy Transfer (heat and temperature)
- A sense of touch is very important for
determining temperature

- If the temperature of an object is lower than skin

temperature = cold material (ice)

Energy is transferred from the warmer

material (skin) to the cooler material as
the objects particles collide with the skin
particles
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Temperature

If the temperature of an object is higher

than skin temperature = warm material
(hot water bottle)
Energy is transferred from the warmer
material to the cooler material (skin) as
the objects particles collide with the skin
particles
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Thermal Energy
The sum of the kinetic and potential
energies of all the particles in an object
is the thermal energy of the object.
The increase in an
objects speed
doesnt affect the
random motion of
its particles, so it
doesnt affect its
thermal energy.
 Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Heat
Heat is thermal energy that flows from
something at a higher temperature to
something at a lower temperature.
Heat is a form of energy, so it is measured
in joules.
The flow of energy always flows from
higher energy (hot) to lower energy
** Warmer will try to heat up the cooler**
 Transferring Thermal Energy
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Ways to Transfer Thermal Energy
Conduction
Energy transfers from one object to another
This transfer of energy as heat (thermal
energy) as particles collide or objects collide
is called conduction.
Kinetic energy is transferred when these
faster-moving atoms collide with slower-
moving particles.
 Transferring Thermal Energy
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Convection
Convection is the transfer of thermal
energy in a fluid by the movement of fluid
from place to place.
Transfer of energy by the movement of
fluids with different temperatures.
A fluid expands as its temperature increases.
The density of the fluid therefore decreases.
 Transferring Thermal Energy
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Convection Current
Flow of a fluid due to
heating and cooling
Warm fluids rise because
they expand and become
less dense (lighter), then
cool.
The warm water transfers
thermal energy to the cooler
water around it.
 Transferring Thermal Energy
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Convection
As the warm fluids cool,
they contract and get heavier
(denser) and sink.
As fluids sink they are
warmed up again by the heat
source.

The rising and sinking

water forms a convection
current.
 Transferring Thermal Energy
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Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of energy
by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation can pass through solids, liquids,
and gases, but the transfer of energy by
radiation is most important in gases.
Examples: light, ultraviolet light, infrared
light, sunlight, microwaves, x-rays
Does not involve the movement of matter.
 Transferring Thermal Energy
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Radiation
When radiation strikes
a material, some energy
is absorbed, some is
reflected, and some
may be transmitted
through the material.
 Transferring Thermal Energy
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Conductors and Insulators
1. Conductor material through which energy
transfers easily

- Examples metals (energy transfers between

particles easily)
solids (not all solids) tend to be better
conductors
gases tend to be poor conductors
 Conductors and Insulators
2. Insulator material that poorly transfers
energy

- Examples wood, plastic, rubberized

materials, air, water