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On-Off (RZ)
Polar (RZ)
On-Off (NRZ)
Polar (NRZ)
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Digital Communication Systems
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Digital Communication Systems
Regenerative Repeater
- Used at regularly spaced interval.
- Timing information extracted from
the received signal.
- Transparent line code does not
effect the accuracy of the timing
information.
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Line Coding
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PSD of Line Codes
The PSD will depend on the line
code pattern x(t) and the pulse
shape p(t).
= 2 ()
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PSD of Line Codes
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PSD of Line Codes
1
() = 0 + 2 2
=1
= 2 ()
() 2
() = 0 + 2 2
=1
Again Rn is
1
= lim + =
+
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PSD of Polar Signaling
1 2 1
0 = lim = lim 1 = 1
1 + = 1 or -1 with
= lim + = 0
equal probability
() 2
() =
2
For rectangular pulse shape =
=
2 2
2
=
4 2 11
PSD of Polar Signaling
2
=
4 2
= 0 for > 1
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PSD of Bipolar Signaling
() 2
() = 0 + 2 2
=1
2
()
() = 1 2
2
() 2
() = 2
2
= 2
4 2
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PSD of Bipolar Signaling
2
= 2
4 2
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High-Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling
The HDB scheme is an ITU standard. In this scheme the
problem of nontransparency in bipolar signaling is eliminated by
adding pulses when the number of consecutive 0s exceeds N.
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Nyquist 1st criteria for Pulse Shaping
Nyquist criteria for pulse shaping to eliminate ISI:
Pulse shape that has a nonzero amplitude at its center and zero
amplitudes at t = nTb (n =1, 2, 3, )
1 =0
=
0 =
1
=
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Nyquist 1st criteria for Pulse Shaping
1 <
2
1 /2
= 1 <
2 2 2
0 > +
2
Nyquist 2nd criteria for Pulse Shaping
Pulse broadening in the time domain leads to reduction of its
bandwidth. Pulse satisfying second criteria is also knowing as
the duobinary pulse.
1 = 0, 1
=
0 for all other
Information Sequence 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Samples y(kTb) 1 2 0 0 2 0 -2 -2 0 0 0 2 2
Detected sequence 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Nyquist 2nd criteria Duobinary Pulse
=
1
2
= /
= 3 5 = (3 5 )
Scrambling Example
The data stream 101010100000111 is fed to the scrambler.
Find the scrambler output T, assuming the initial content of the
registers to be zero.
Scrambling Example
The data stream 101010100000111 is fed to the scrambler.
Find the scrambler output T, assuming the initial content of the
registers to be zero. S 1 2 3 4 5 T
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
T=101110001101001 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Digital Receivers and Regenerative
Repeaters
Tasks of Receivers or repeaters:
1. Reshaping incoming pulses by means of an equalizer.
2. Extracting the timing information required to sample
incoming pulses.
3. Making symbol detection decisions based on the pulse
samples.
Time Extraction
Three general methods of synchronization
1- Derivation from a primary or a secondary standard
(transmitter and receiver slaved to a master timing source).
2- Transmitting a separate synchronizing signal (pilot clock)
3- Self-synchronization, where the timing information is
extracted from the received signal itself.
Eye Diagrams: An Important Tool
Three general methods of synchronization
Eye diagrams of a
polar signaling
system using a
raised cosine pulse
with roll-off factor
0.5: over 2 symbol
periods 2Tb with a
time shift Tb/2;
PAM: M-ARY Baseband Signaling for
Higher Data Rate
The information IM transmitted by an M-ary symbol is
= log 2 bits
PSD of ASK
PSD of PSK
PSD of FSK
Digital Carrier Systems (Demodulator)
Noncoherent detection of FSK
Transmitter Encoding
Receiver Decoding
Differential PSK (DPSK)
Transmitter Encoding
Receiver Decoding
M-Ary Digital Carrier Modulation
Higher bit rate transmission can be achieved by either reducing
Tb or by applying M-ary signaling; the first option requires more
bandwidth; the second requires more power to keep the error bit
rate within acceptable level.
1 1
= = 1
2 2
Large leads to bandwidth waste, whereas small is prone
to detection error due to transmission noise interference.
1
2 2 = 0 =
0 2
Comparison between ASK and FSK
FSK does not require increase in power but the bandwidth
increase linearly with M (compared with binary FSK or M-ary
ASK).
= + = 1, 2, ,
2 2
= 0 + 1 0 =
0 = 180
0 = 90
0 = 45
M-ary PSK symbols in the orthogonal signal space: (a) M = 2; (b) M = 4; (c) M = 8.
M-ary PSK
2 2
= + 0 <
2 2
1 = 2 =
= 1 + 2
M-ary PSK symbols in the orthogonal signal space: (a) M = 2; (b) M = 4; (c) M = 8.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
= () + () 0 <
= ( )
= 2 + 2 = 1
p(t) is a properly shaped baseband pulse.
A simple choice is a rectangular.
QAM or Multiplexing