Bar Bending

Steel bars are the back bones of

concrete structures. But even
back bones need bending.

1
Why is steel so good for
concrete?

It bonds with concrete

Both have the same temperature
coefficient of expansion & contraction
Steel & concrete are complementary:
Concrete is brittle, steel is flexible

2
Reinforcement is the back
bone of structural concrete

3
Bar bender

bend bars to the correct dimensions

use given steel type
bend only required numbers

4
Reinforcement Steel

5
Mild steel (R)
dia 6...40mm
250 kg / sq. mm

6
Tor Steel (Y)

10... 40mm
460kg / sq. mm

7
Tor Steel
Weight of Mild Steel
6mm 0.222 kg/m
8mm 0.395 kg/m
10mm 0.616 kg/m
12mm 0.888 kg/m
16mm 1.589 kg/m
20mm 2.466 kg/m

9
 Reinforcement details in
drawings

5 R 10 8 300

100
100

cover 800
20
10
 Steel types - 6m length
Type Diameter Strength
mm N/mm2
Hot rolled mild steel All sizes 250
Hot rolled high yield All sizes 410
Cold worked high yield 1...16 460

Over 16 425

11
 Technical codes

5 R 10 8 300

No. of bars Bar Spacing

Type of bar Bar mark no.

Bar diameter
12
 Schedule of reinforcement
Locatio Bar Diameter Type No. Cutting Weight Bar shape Rema
n mark of length rks
mm bars mm
Slab 01 16 R 10 11380

11080

02 10 R 25 1410
230

1000

03 10 R 50 2320
560

700

13
 Estimation

Steel bars are sold by weight. In order

to know the price you need to convert
the bars into weight.

14
How to convert bars into
weight?

Select the diameter from the table

Take the weight rate of the bar

Compute the entire length required

Multiply the length with the rate given

15
Weight Rate of Mild Steel
6mm 0.222 kg/m
8mm 0.395 kg/m
10mm 0.616 kg/m
12mm 0.888 kg/m
16mm 1.589 kg/m
20mm 2.466 kg/m

16
 Total weight

= bar length x weight rate x

no. of bars
= 1.023 x 0.888 x 12
= 10.901 kg
take 11 kg
17
Tools for Bar Bending

Bench
Bar Bending Tool
Shear cutter

18
 Make yourself a bar bench

3m
40cm worktop

3cm

19
 Leg Frame

30cm 3m

1m

7X7cm
10X30cm
20
Leg Frame

21
Finished Bench

22
Bar Bending Device on Bench

23
Bending Device

Stopper
Holes

Disk

24
Shear Cutter

25
Reinforcement Cages

Bars are assembled in Cages to

keep them in the best position
within the structure

26
 The cage
Stirrups

Bars

It consists of bars, stirrups and binding.

27
Bars

28
Stirrup

29
Bending corners

30
Bar Shapes

31
Bar Shapes For Beams

See what they look like...

32
These are the required
shapes
1

33
Insert the bar and bend it

Stopper
Holes

34
This is the Main Bar at the
bottom edge

Length

The ends are

2Y 16 - 1 bent to lock the
bar
2Bars, Tor, 16mm diameter,
schedule no.1
35
 This is the main bar at bottom
middle

1Y12-2

36
Connecting middle and upper
stress sections

2Y 10 - 4

37
The whole Set

38
Add the Stirrups

39
Bind all Bottom Bars first

40
Insert the Top Bars

41
Insert the Top Bars

42
Bind the Top Bars too

43
See the Positions of the Bars
in the Cross Section

44
A-A section

45
Bar Shapes for the Column

46
Cage for column & footer

10 R6-12

4Y 16 -11

5Y10-10

47
Required Bar shapes for
staircase

10

11

12

48
This is the Starter Bar of the
Footer
The bar is bent at
the foot to transfer
the stress to the
foundation
The starters are
short. They are
extended by
overlapping later
49
 Column Starter

Main bars
stirrups

50
Bind the main bars to the
stirrups in the correct distance
between the stirrups

51
 Column cage

Main bars stirrups

52
Column Footing
The footing is a
large block of
concrete that
provides a base for
the column
The reinforcement
starting from the
footing is called the
starter

53
Top View
4Y 16
Column

Footer

5Y10 -10

54
Column end position

55
 Load-P

Cantilever sections
A cantilever
beam & slab
bend with the
load
It tends to crack
right at the
support

56
Design of cantilever sections
Estimated load
Depends on

Estimated load Span of the section

Span of the section

57
Reinforcements
Lay bars alternatively 0.5 L
one with half the
length and
Span of the section -l
one with the full
length of the span
with additional section
inserted into the Inserted
support section into
the support

58
10mm bars distribution for a
cantilever slab
15cm

15cm

59
Stairs are a sloping slab

60
Reinforcing Stairs

61
 See the correct positions of
the bars

21

22

Relevant details in a
drawing

62
Shapes of bars for stairs
Bar no. Bar shape

19

20

63
 and....

21

22

23
64
 Place the main bars at bottom
part of the staircase

20

65
Place the other bottom bars

19
66
Place the top bars

21

22

67
Insert the longitudinal bars

21

22

23

68
All required details of
reinforcement are given in
the drawing

69
 Technical codes

5 R 10 8 300

No. of bars Bar Spacing

Type of bar Bar mark no.

Bar diameter
70
The Principle of Slab
Reinforcement

71
Main Bars

72
Distribution Bars

73
Ties

Useful knots to bind bars in a

cage

74
Slash tie for centre ties

75
Slash tie for centre ties

76
Slash tie for centre ties

77
Slash tie for centre ties

78
Hair pin tie for main bars in
columns & beams

79
Hair pin tie for main bars in
columns & beams

80
Hair pin tie for main bars in
columns & beams

81
Hair pin tie for main bars in
columns & beams

82
Hair pin tie for main bars in
columns & beams

83
Crown tie

84
Crown tie

85
Crown tie

86
Crown tie

87
Crown tie

88
Splice tie
Use to tie bars in horizontal way

89
Splice tie to
Use to tie bars in horizontal way

90
Splice tie to
Use to tie bars in horizontal way

91
Splice tie to
Use to tie bars in horizontal way

92
Splice tie to
For lapping

93
Add a ring

A ring is an additional
winding that prevents the
bars from moving

94
Splash tie with ring

ring on left side

95
Splash tie with ring

ring at down side

96
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at left side

97
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at bottom

98
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at bottom

99
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at bottom
100
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at down side

101
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at down side

102
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at down side

103
 Hair pin tie with a ring

Ring at down side

104
Lengthening Bars

Often bars need lengthening, for

they cannot be inserted in full
length.
In case of columns, one has to
lengthen them floor by floor.

105
 Lapping
Bars can be added by overlapping them.

Lap Length 60 cm min

The amount of overlap is called the Lap length

106
Laps in Beams

the full lap length

107
Distance between stirrups

Max = 12 x diameter of thinnest bar

108
Cover

Steel bars must be kept covered

by at least 20mm concrete to
prevent water, even moisture and
air pollution from affecting it.

109
Reinforcement needs a
minimum cover of concrete

Water and air cause corrosion of the

steel and destroy its bond with the
concrete. This in turn would weaken
the structure.

110
 Bar dia. & Cover relationship

There is a simple method to calculate

the the cover for different bars

111
 Cover for beams

50
40
32
6-8-10-12-16-20-25

25 32 40 50
concrete face
112
How to calculate the cover?
If the bar dia. is 6-25mm then
the cover should be 25mm

For other bars

cover = Bar dia.

113
Cover at bar edge

6- 12 25

32
16
40
20
64
25
80
40
114
2...4 cm Cover

cover

cover

115
Cover at the edges
If the bar dia. is 6-12mm the cover
should be 25mm

For other bars

cover = 2 x bar dia.

116
Cover for 25mm bar in a
column

Bar dia. = 25mm

Cover at the edge = 2 x 25mm

= 50mm

117
Spacers

118
Spacers keep the bars within
the cover

Formwork

Spacer

Tied to Bar

119
How to prepare spacer blocks
Concrete spacer blocks can be cast to
the required cover size on site from
cement and sand with a loop of binding
wire

Thickness should be
equal to the
reinforcement cover

120
Planning
What is the cover ?
thickness ?
No. of blocks ?

121
 Prepare the wires

Twist the Binding wire to be inserted into

the concrete blocks

122
Form work for spacer block
casting

cover

123
Mark the width of the blocks
on the sides with nails

cover

124
Mix concrete in the proposed
ratio

The cement sand ratio must be the

same as of the concrete work

125
Fill the form half way

126
Insert a binding wire in each
centre of the block

127
Fill the form to the top

128
Wait for the cement to set

129
Mark the sizes on the cement
surface

130
Remove the formwork

131
Cut the blocks with a wire
wire

132
And repeat it the other way

133
Keep them moist to cure

134
Storage

135
Wrong

136
Support bars every 60 cm

60cm

137
Bar stocks

138
When the support distance is
too much bars try to bend

139
Wrong

140
Cover the bars

141
Store separately

Keep different shapes of bars

at different stocks

142