The Circulatory

System
 The Circulatory System is
responsible for transporting materials
throughout the entire body.

It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen

to your billions of body cells and carries
away wastes such as carbon dioxide that
body cells produce.
Components
Heart
Blood

Vessels Heart Blood

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Veins Arteries
 Which gases are transported to
and from the bodys cells by the
blood flowing in the circulatory
system?
 carbon
dioxide
oxygen

Oxygen is the gas needed for respiration

and is transported to the bodys cells.
 The circulatory system carries two types of
blood

Oxygen-rich
blood
Blood travelling
c to the body cells
High oxygen content
Low carbon dioxide content
Oxygen-poor
blood
Blood travelling
away from the body cells
Low oxygen content
High carbon dioxide content

Arrangement of the circulatory system means

that these two types of blood do not mix.
 The heart is the organ at the centre of the
circulatory system. It pumps blood around
the body.
 The inside of the heart is divided into two
sections so that the two types of blood
(oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) are kept
apart

Right side Left side

of the heart of the heart
Oxygen-poor Oxygen-rich
blood blood
 Heart coverings
Pericardium
Coversthe heart and large blood vessels attached to
the heart
Visceral pericardium
Innermost layer
Directly on the heart
Parietal pericardium
Layer on top of the visceral pericardium
 Pericardium
Protective sac of
connective tissue
Surrounds the heart
Filled with fluid

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

 Heart walls:
Epicardium
Outermost layer
Fat to cushion heart

Myocardium
Middle layer
Primarily cardiac muscle

Endocardium
Innermost layer
Thin and smooth
Stretches as the heart pumps

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

 Myocardium
The muscle of the heart

Strong and thick

Composed of spontaneously
contracting cardiac muscle
fibers

Can conduct electricity like

nerves.

Its blood supply comes

from the coronary arteries.

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

 The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a
septum, or wall.
The septum prevents the mixing of oxygen rich and
oxygen poor blood.
On each side of the septum are two chambers.
The upper chamber (receives blood) is the atrium.
The lower chamber (pumps blood out of heart) is the
ventricle.

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

 Four chambers
Two Atria Two Ventricles
Upper chambers Lower chambers
Left and right Left and right
Separated by interatrial Separated by interventricular
septum septum

Right Atrium Left Atrium

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

 The chambers of the heart have different functions:
blood to blood to
the lungs the body

blood from blood from

the body the lungs

The Atria collect The ventricles

blood that enters pump blood out
the heart. of the heart.
 The valves between the atria and ventricles are connected
to the inner walls of the heart by tough tendons.

valve open
 The tendons allow the valves to close and hold the valve
flaps in place. They prevent the valves from flipping up
and turning inside out

valve open valve closed

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved
 A valve acts like a door that only opens in one direction.

If the door is held by someone at a fixed point, only the arm

moves as the door opens and closes.
When the door is closed the arm is fully extended, so the
door can only be opened in one direction.
iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved
 A valve acts like a door that only opens in one direction.

In the heart, the tendons holding the valve are like the
arm holding the door.

One end of each tendon is fixed to the wall of the heart

and so the valve can only open in one direction.
 The heart can pump blood because it is made of
muscle. Muscle tissue works by contracting
(squeezing) and relaxing.
 All the parts of the heart on either side, work
together in a repeated sequence.
The two atria contract and relax; then the two
ventricles contract and relax.
This is how blood moves through the heart and is
pumped to the lungs and the body.

One complete sequence

of contraction and
relaxation is called a
heartbeat.
 As blood moves through the
circulatory system it moves
through 3 types of blood
vessels:
Arteries: Carry blood away
from the heart .
Capillaries: Link arterioles to
veins.
Veins: Carry blood towards
the heart
Arteries
Large vessels
Carry blood from heart to tissues of body.
Carry oxygen rich blood, with the exception of pulmonary
arteries.
Thick walls-need to withstand pressure produced when heart
pushes blood into them.

Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Walls are only one cell thick and very narrow.
Important for bringing nutrients and oxygen to tissues
and absorbing CO2 and other waste products.
 Once blood has passed through the capillary systems it
must be returned to the heart. Done by veins
Walls contains connective tissue and smooth muscle.
Largest veins contain one way valves that keep blood
flowing toward heart.
Many found near skeletal muscles. When muscles
contract, blood is forced through veins.
 iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved
 The heart produces pressure

The force of blood on the wall of the

arteries is known as blood
pressure.
Blood pressure decreases as the heart
relaxes, but the rest of the circulatory
system is still under pressure.
 When blood pressure is taken, the cuff is wrapped
around the upper portion of the arm and pumped with
air until blood flow in the artery is blocked.
As the pressure in the cuff is relaxed, 2 numbers are
recorded.
Systolic pressure- the first number taken, is the force
felt in the arteries when the ventricles contract.
Diastolic pressure- the second number taken, is the
force of the blood on the arteries when the ventricles
relax.

SPHYGMOMANOMETER an
instrument which measures the
blood pressure.
 Blood
What percent of your body is blood? 8%
How much blood do we contain?
On average 4-6 liters
We contain about a pint of
blood for every 15 pounds
of body weight
Composition of Blood:
What percent of your blood is
cellular? 45%
What percent of your blood is
plasma? 55%
Blood
Composed of plasma and blood cells
Types of Cells are:
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells

Platelets

Plasma
Strawcolored
90% water

10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes,

hormones, wastes, and proteins.
Blood
Plasma proteins
3 Types: Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen.
Albumins and Globulins- transport substances such as fatty
acids, hormones and vitamins.
Fibrinogen- Responsible for bloods ability to clot

Red Blood Cells

Most numerous type
Transport oxygen
Get color from hemoglobin
Disk shaped
Made in red bone marrow
Circulate for 120 days
 Blood
White Blood Cells
Guard against infection, fight parasites,
and attack bacteria
Number of WBCs increases when body
is fighting
Lymphocytes produce antibodies which
fight pathogens and remember them

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

 Blood
Platelets
Aid the body in clotting
Small fragments
Stick to edges of broken blood cell and
secrete clotting factor to help form clot.

iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

Blood
Blood has 3 main Functions
Transport
Protection
Temperature Regulation
Blood
Red Blood
Cells

White Blood
Cells

Plasma

Platelets