D I TA AU D I N A AG U ST I N

14 3 210 6 0 5
BOREHOLE GEOMETRY

The geometry of a borehole is given by

the geometry of the well trajectory and
the diameter of the well as a function
of the depth.
The geometry of the trajectory is
determined by azimuth and inclination of
the well sections as a function of the
depth.
 The diameter of the borehole as a
function of the depth is measured with a
Caliper log. There are two principles:
- Mechanical systems
- Acoustic systems
 APPLICATION

Borehole geometry and stability, breakouts,

Indication of permeable zones (mud cake),
Thickness of mudcake,
Indication of fractured zones,
Borehole volume (for cementation operations).
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC LOGS

Electrical (galvanic) and electromagnetic

(inductive) logs measure the electrical resistivity
or conductivity of the formation as a function of
the depth.
 APPLICATION

Determination of water saturation (Archie

equations),
Characterization of the invasion process.
 SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ROCKS

Formation resistivity covers a broad range of

magnitudes from about 0.1 to 1000 Ohm-m,
depending on porosity, water saturation, salinity, and
shalyness. Resistivities higher than 1000 Ohm-m are
typical of impervious, very low-porosity formations (e.g.,
evaporates).
 SPESIFIC ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF ROCKS

- Clean rocks
- Shaly rocks
The temperature-dependence of NaCl-
based water can be described by
Arps equation (Arps, 1953)
The formation resistivity Ro at Sw = 1 can be
-- estimated for a quick-look interpretation from a water
zone in the same reservoir
-- calculated from Archies first equation with water
resistivity Rw, an independent porosity determination
(for example density, neutron, or acoustic
measurements), and the exponent m
IN A PERMEABLE POROUS FORMATION ARCHIES
EQUATION CAN BE APPLIED
IN A PERMEABLE POROUS FORMATION
ARCHIES EQUATION CAN BE APPLIED

- On the Invaded Zone

- On the Non-Invaded Zone
RESISTIVITY TOOLS

The first resistivity tools used 4 electrodes

(current electrodes A and B, voltage
electrodes M and N) in different geometry
called Normal tool (Figure 4-7); a second 4
electrode type is the Gradient tool.
 INDUCTION LOG

Induction tools are developed for

measurement of formation resistivity in
boreholes containing oil-based muds and in
air-drilled boreholes. Electrode devices did
not work in these non-conductive muds.
 SOME SOPHISTICATED TOOLS AND METHODS
The principle of this modern technique
1. Measure a set of resistivity/conductivity data with various electrode or
antenna combinations (array configuration) with different spatial response,
2. Derive (computer-supported) an initial resistivity/conductivity earth model,
3. Run a forward calculation with this information to get the response for your
individual array configurations,
4. Compare forward-calculated data with measured data and run an iteration
process in order to get the best fit resistivity/conductivity model as
 PROMINENT TECHNOLOGY

High-Resolution Laterlog Array HRLA (Schlumberger)

Array Induction Imager Tool AIT (Schlumberger)
Azimuthal Resistivity Imager ARI (Schlumberger)
Orthogonal systems
Spontaneous potential SP is a natural electrical
potential (very small voltage, given in mV) observed
in a water-based mud-filled borehole. This voltage is
measured by a downhole electrode relative to a
reference electrode. The SP is measured mostly
simultaneously with the resistivity log in an open
hole with water-based mud.
 NUCLEAR LOGS

Three main types of measurements: Gammalog,

Gamma-Gammalogs, Neutronlogs.
Measurements are possible in open and cased
boreholes.
For all nuclear measurements borehole
corrections are necessary (e.g. caliper and
mud correction).
 Measurement of the natural gamma radiation
of the formation (Gammalog)
Measurement of the radiation as result of an
interaction of the source-emitted radiation
withthe formation
- Gamma-Gamma-logs (uses a gamma source),
- Neutronlogs (uses a chemical neutron source
or neutron generator).
NATURAL GAMMA MEASUREMENTGAMMALOG

, : are particle radiation with a very

shallow penetration or high absorption,
: is an electromagnetic wave with high
penetration.
Natural gamma activity of minerals and rocks is
originated by
Uranium-radium series (half-life time of 4.4109
years)
Thorium series (half-life time of 1.4109 years)
Potassium K40 (half-life time of 1.3109 years).
The following corrections are necessary:
Absorption of radiation in the borehole fluid:
influence of caliper and mud density,
Tool position (centralized or sidewall): centralizing
the tool decreases count rate,
Mud type: KCl muds increase potassium count rate,
Logging speed: influences statistics and vertical
resolution.
Applications of the (integral) Gammalog are:
Design of a lithological profile, particularly sand-shale
separation, localization of clean zones,
Estimate of shale content,
Depth adjustment: This processing step removes depth
discrepancies between the different logging runs.
Discrepancies are caused for example by cable stretch. One
Gammalog is chosen as reference log for data quality. The other
gamma logs are matched to the reference using an automatic
routine. Resulting depth shifts are applied to the other logs on
the tool strings.
Lithological correlation from well to well if a number of wells is
logged in a field.
 GAMMA-GAMMA LOG

Gamma-Gamma-methods use the interaction of

gamma radiation produced by a source (as
part of the tool) with the formation. The main
components of a Gamma-Gamma-probe are:
Gamma source (Cs or Co),
One or more gamma detectors detecting the
backscattered radiation,
A shield between source and detectors to
supress direct radiation.
 NEUTRON METHODS

Neutron methods use the interaction of neutron

radiation from a source (as part of the tool) and the
formation. The main components of a neutron probe
are: The neutron source (chemical source or neutron
generator), one or more detectors (neutron and
gamma) detecting neutron radiation after slowing
down processes and induced gamma radiation, and a
shield between source and detectors to supress direct
radiation.
Neutrons are classified by their energy:
Fast neutrons > 500 keV,
Intermediate neutrons 500 1 keV,
Slow neutrons < 1 keV (epithermal 1
0.1 keV, thermal < 0.1 keV).
 APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS
FOR MINERAL ANALYSIS
Traditional nuclear measurements (natural Gammalog,
Gamma-Gamma-log, Neutronlog) offer possibilities for an
initial classification using defined characteristic values or
tendencies. Examples are:
Shale indication from a Gammalog and a combination
Gamma-Gamma-density and Neutronlog,
Carbonate detection (limestone, dolomite) using neutron-
density cross plots
Identification of dolomite and/or limestone supported by
photoelectric cross section (PE) measurement,
Identification of anhydrite by extremely high density (2.96 g
cm-3), supported by PE measurement.
ACOUSTIC, SONIC LOG
ELASTIC PROPERTIES
ACOUSTICLOG/SONICLOG MEASUREMENT
NMR MEASUREMENT
IMAGING TECHNIQUE