You are on page 1of 104

Political Science 102

Philippine Politics and


Governance
EDWIN C. SAMIS
09185961662
ecsamsocsciusa@yahoo.com.ph
Suggested Activities

Case studies/case analysis


Film showing
Resource person
Internet surfing
Survey/Data gathering
Visit to government agencies/offices
Educational Trip
Group discussion
Group debate

Required Output

Exhibits
Group Research
Symposium
Conduct/provide seminar or lecture forum to
schools/communities
Reminders
Be in your prescribed uniform Monday to
Thursday.
Wear your school ID properly while inside the
campus.
Use white intermediate paper only, except
otherwise indicated.
Only blue or black ink is allowed.
When taking the test always remember to :
write your family name first
indicate your course, year, section, and the date,
subject, and regular time schedule
Maintain cleanliness. Do not write anything on the
wall and on the chair. There is always a proper place
for your garbage.
Do not loiter in the corridor during class hour.
Bring your own school materials (paper, pen, book,
etc.)
Observe proper seating arrangement.
Ask permission before leaving the room.
CHEATING means FAILING GRADE.
Be courteous! Be polite!
politics
Words associated with politics
Political Dynasty
Politics

The word politics is derived from a Greek


word POLIS which means city-state.
Aristotle, the Father of Political Science, noted
that man is by nature a political animal. He
observed that men prefer social
companionship and they can maximize their
individual capacities and attain the highest
form of social life through political interaction
with others in an institutional setting.
POLITICS
a way of ruling divided societies by a process
of free discussion and without undue violence.
(Bernard Crick)

who gets what, when, how. (H. Laswell)

struggle for power.

the science and art of government (Blacks Law


Dictionary)
POLITICS is simply a struggle for power
between and among groups of persons who
want to control or dominate others. It implies
inequality because there are winners and
losers, there are powerful, less powerful and
weak. Furthermore, it reinforces inequality
because those who win have better resources.
POWER

Power is fundamental to politics.

POWER is the demonstrated capacity to compel


(or influence) other to alter their behavior or to
do what they would not do otherwise.

AUTHORITY refers to the formal or legal


relationship between policymakers and citizens.
Governance

GOVERNANCE focuses on the political


processes, on the operation of the various
structures, formal as well as informal, which
lead to authorities or controlling decisions
which are made and bind mostly everyone in
society.
Governance" is the process of decision-
making and the process by which decisions
are implemented (or not implemented).
Governance" is the process of decision-
making and the process by which decisions
are implemented (or not implemented).
As defined by the United Nations Development
Program, the term GOVERNANCE refers to
institutional structures, policy and decision-
making processes, and rule (formal or informal)
related to issues of public concern, which
determine how power is exercised, how
decisions are taken and how citizens have their
say.
Eight Characteristics of Good Governance
Participation

Participation by both men and women is a key


cornerstone of good governance. Participation could
be either direct or through legitimate intermediate
institutions or representatives. It is important to
point out that representative democracy does not
necessarily mean that the concerns of the most
vulnerable in society would be taken into
consideration in decision making. Participation needs
to be informed and organized. This means freedom
of association and expression on the one hand and
an organized civil society on the other hand.
Rule of law

Good governance requires fair legal frameworks


that are enforced impartially. It also requires full
protection of human rights, particularly those of
minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws
requires an independent judiciary and an
impartial and incorruptible police force.
At his best, man is the noblest of all animals;
separated from law and justice he is the
worst.
- Aristotle
Transparency

Transparency means that decisions taken and


their enforcement are done in a manner that
follows rules and regulations. It also means
that information is freely available and directly
accessible to those who will be affected by
such decisions and their enforcement. It also
means that enough information is provided
and that it is provided in easily
understandable forms and media.
Responsiveness

Good governance requires that institutions


and processes try to serve all stakeholders
within a reasonable timeframe.
Consensus oriented

There are several actors and as many view points in a


given society. Good governance requires mediation
of the different interests in society to reach a broad
consensus in society on what is in the best interest of
the whole community and how this can be achieved.
It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on
what is needed for sustainable human development
and how to achieve the goals of such development.
This can only result from an understanding of the
historical, cultural and social contexts of a given
society or community.
Equity and inclusiveness

A societys well being depends on ensuring


that all its members feel that they have a stake
in it and do not feel excluded from the
mainstream of society. This requires all groups,
but particularly the most vulnerable, have
opportunities to improve or maintain their
well being.
Effectiveness and efficiency

Good governance means that processes and


institutions produce results that meet the
needs of society while making the best use of
resources at their disposal. The concept of
efficiency in the context of good governance
also covers the sustainable use of natural
resources and the protection of the
environment.
Accountability

Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not


only governmental institutions but also the private sector and
civil society organizations must be accountable to the public
and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to
whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions
taken are internal or external to an organization or institution.
In general an organization or an institution is accountable to
those who will be affected by its decisions or actions.
Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and
the rule of law.
It is clear that good governance is an ideal
which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very
few countries and societies have come close
to achieving good governance in its totality.
However, to ensure sustainable human
development, actions must be taken to work
towards this ideal with the aim of making it a
reality.
Good governance is about the
processes for making and
implementing decisions. Its not about
making correct decisions, but about
the best possible process for making
those decisions.
POLITICAL SCIENCE

POLITICAL SCIENCE is the study of the state


and government.

ARISTOTLE Father of Political Science.


Why Study Political Science?

Imparting Knowledge of the State

The primary aim of Political Science is to


inculcate knowledge about the state, its origin,
nature, structure and functions. Knowledge
about the State is of great significance to
modern man.
Imparting Knowledge about the world

The acquisition of know ledge of political science


enriches one's mind and widens one's intellectual
horizon. In order to know what is happening in the
world around us at least an elementary knowledge of
political science is necessary. In the modern age an
individual cannot lead an isolated life. Each country
has to maintain relations with other countries of the
world.
Creation of democratic values

The success of democracy depends upon the


political consciousness of its people. The study
of political science makes people conscious of
their rights and duties. It also makes them
vigilant unless the citizens of a country are
vigilant, alert, intelligent and patriotic; there is
no possibility of successful working of
democracy in that country. It is rightly said that
"eternal vigilance is the price of liberty".
Creation of good citizenship

The study of Political Science is valuable for


creating good citizenship and securing
unity of the nation. It makes citizens
conscious of national, objectives and goals.
Laski said that good citizenship implies
"the contribution of one's instructed
judgment to public good". It can be
developed by the study of political science.
Political Science teaches the lessons and
virtues of good citizenship.
Lesson of co-operation and toleration

Political science also teaches the lesson of co-


operation, adjustment and toleration. Society
cannot prosper without cooperation. Man
should learn how to co-operate and adjust
himself with his fellow-beings. People of all
walks of life should co-operate for the better
development of the country. Toleration is also
necessary in society.
STATE
What is a STATE?

STATE is a community of persons more


or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of their
own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience, and
enjoying freedom from external control.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

People
Territory
Government
Sovereignty
PEOPLE

People refers to the mass of population


living within the state.

Vatican
Peoples Republic of China (PROC)
TERRITORY

This refers to the portion of the earth surface inhabited by the


people of the state.

The National Territory comprises the Philippine archipelago,


with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other
territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial
domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarines areas. The waters around,
between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the
internal waters of the Philippines. (Art. 1, Section 1 of the
Philippine Constitution)
The DOMAIN of the STATE may be classified as:

a. terrestrial domain
b. fluvial domain
c. maritime domain
d. aerial domain
Aerial domain refers to the air space or that
part of the air above the land and water
territory of the state. The present state of
development in space navigation does not
permit any delimitation on the height of air
space subject to the sovereign jurisdiction of
the state.
PD No. 1599 (June 11, 1978) establishes an
exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the
Philippines extending to a distance of 200
nautical miles beyond and from the baselines
from which the territorial sea is measured;
except that were the limits overlap the
economic zone of an adjacent or neighboring
state, common boundaries shall be
determined by agreement with the state
concerned, or in accordance with generally
recognized principles of international law on
delimitation.
Archipelagic Doctrine

An archipelago shall be regarded as a single


unit, so that the waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago,
irrespective of their breadth and dimensions,
form part of the internal waters of the state,
subject to its exclusive sovereignty.
GOVERNMENT

This refers to the agency through which the


will of the state is formulated, expressed and
carried out.
Article II, Section 1

The Philippines is a democratic and


republican State. Sovereignty resides in
the people and all government authority
emanates from them.

A republican government is a democratic


government by representative chosen by
the people at large. The essence,
therefore, of a republican state is indirect
rule.
SOVEREIGNTY
Sovereignty is the supreme power to command and
enforce obedience within the state

Two manifestations of sovereignty

Internal or the power of the state to rule within its


territory.

External or the freedom of the state to carry out its


activities without subjection to or control by other
states. This is otherwise known as INDEPENDENCE.
Origin of the State

Theories of the State Origin


The Divine Right Theory

This theory presents the view that the state was created by God.
The authority to govern by the people was ordained by God upon
rulers who were regarded as of divine descent.

The Social Contract Theory

This theory asserts that the early states must have been formed by
deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a
society and organize for their common good.

The Force Theory

According to this theory, the state came into existence out of


conquest, force or coercion.
The Natural Theory

The natural theory held that the state was a


natural institution and not an abstract or
artificial being. It was a natural system that
unified its citizens. Under this theory the state
was just a living organism which is natural
because it has a capacity to grow, developed,
and attain a fully civilize life.

The Patriarchal Theory

It attributes the origin of the states to the


enlargement of the family.
The Instinctive Theory

The advocate of the theory claimed that the state


was created because of the natural inclination of
men towards political association. A social being by
nature, man associated himself with other men for
self-preservation and security. Thus, the state was
born.

The Economic Theory

The exponent of this theory believed that the state


developed out of mans economic wants. Man in
isolation could not procure all the necessary things
that he needed. To satisfy his wants, he had to
associate with other men.
Government
The word government is derived from the
Latin GUBERNACULUM, a rudder, GUBERNARE,
to steer, to direct, control.

Government is the social organization through


which the state carries out its will.
- the aggregate of authorities which rules
society.
- refers to the agency through which the
will of the state is formulated, expressed and
carried out.
State Distinguish from
Government

The government is only the agency through


which the state expresses its will.
A state cannot exist without a government,
but it is possible to have a government
without state.
A government may change, its form may
change, but the state remains the same.
State distinguished from Nation

The state is a political concept, while nation is


an ethnic concept.
A nation may or may not be independent of
external control
A state may consist of one or more nations
and conversely, a nation may be made up of
several states.
A nation may exist without a well-defined
territory, but a state cannot.
Duties of Government
1. SECURITY

The government must protect the people from


the external attack or aggression by another country.
It must protect the independence of the country and
promote good relations with other states. Secondly,
the government must protect the internal security
and safety of the people against criminals, lawless
elements or other forces which frighten or harm
ordinary citizens in their homes, at their place at
work, or as they go about their daily lives.
2. POLITICAL HARMONY

On matters of public interest which affect the


lives, the prosperity and other interest of a lot
of people in the society, the government must
act as the agency which will enact the most
practical law, enforce end implement the law,
and punish or penalize those who break the
law.
3. SOCIAL WELFARE

Ordinary citizens are usually too busy with


their own lives or with a making a living to
have the time or the resources to care for
others who are not their relatives or friends. It
is the duty of the government to use public
funds for the care of the benefit of those
people who may be too poor or to sick to take
care of themselves or their dependents.
4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

It is the duty of the government to provide


gainful employment and opportunities for the
people and to create and sustain a good
climate for business in the country.
Article XI, Section 1

Public office is a public trust. Public officers and


employees must at all times be accountable to
the people, serve them with utmost responsibility,
integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest life.
Public office is a sacred trust; it is not the
private property or private treasury of the
officials in power, which they can use (or
misuse) for the benefit only of themselves,
their relatives or their friends.

A good government will have citizens who


are confident that their lives, their talent, their
property, their business and their resources
are well-placed in a country with honest and
capable public servants.
Forms of Government
A. As to the number of persons
exercising sovereign powers

A. Monarchy ruled by one person without regard to


the source of nature or duration of his tenure.

1. Absolute monarchy the ruler rules by divine right.


2. Limited monarchy the ruler rules in accordance
with the constitution.

B. Aristocracy the political power is exercise by few.


C. Democracy political power is exercised by the
people.

a. Direct or pure democracy the will of the


state is formulated or expressed directly and
immediately through the people in a mass
meeting or primary assembly.

b. Indirect, representative, or republican


democracy the will of the state is formulated
and expressed through the agency of a relatively
small and select body of persons chosen by the
people to act as their representatives.
As to extend of the powers
exercised by the central or
national government.
Unitary government the control of the
national and the local affairs is exercised by
the central or national government

Federal government the powers of


government are divided between the national
and the local units, each organ being supreme
with its own sphere.
As to relationship between the executive and the
legislative branches of the government

Parliamentary fusion of the power between


the executive and legislative branches of the
government.

Presidential separation of power between the


executive and the legislative departments.
As to the manner of instituting
officials and the nature of official
tenure.
Elective government one in which those who
manage the affairs of the state are chosen by
the people or by those who constitute the
electoral body.

Hereditary government the source of office is


inheritance according tom some rules or
principles governing the transmission of
political honors and titles.
As to its legality or constitutionality.

De jure government one which is founded


on existing constitutional laws of the state and
has the general support of the people.

De facto government one which is not


founded existing constitutional laws of the
state and is maintained against rightful
authority of an established and lawful
government.
Other Forms

Civil government the affairs of the state are


administered and directed by the citizens or
their representatives.
Military government one established and
administered by a belligerent in the territory
of an enemy occupied by him.
Constitutional government the powers of
those who rule are defined and limited in their
exercise by a constitution.

Despotic government the powers of those


who rule are not defined and limited in their
exercise by a constitution.
Coordinate government one in which the
state distributes the powers of the
government according to their nature, among
separate departments or bodies each equally
independent of, but coordinate with the other
or others.

Consolidate government one which the


state confides all governmental powers to a
single body.
Revolutionary government one installed,
whether by force or otherwise, not in
accordance with the procedure prescribed in
an existing constitution.
CITIZEN and CITIZENSHIP
CITIZEN is a person having the title of the
citizenship. He is a member of a democratic
community who enjoys full civil and political
rights, and is accorded protection inside and
outside the territory of the state.

CITIZENSHIP is a term denoting membership


of a citizen in a political society, which
membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of
allegiance on the part of the members and
duty of protection on the part of the state.
Duties and Obligation of Citizens

1. To be loyal to the republic


2. To defend the state
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of
the state
4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws
5. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities
6. To exercise right responsible and with due regard
for the right of others
7. To engage in gainful work
8. To register and vote
Importance of Citizenship

Citizenship is one of the greatest attributes


of the people in the state. It shows that a
person is a full member of the nation.
Whatever happens to the nation, in war or in
peace, he has a share or responsibility. If the
nation prospers and become great, he has
every reason to feel proud and happy. If the
nation declines or defeated in war, he shares
in its humiliation and disgrace.
Who are the citizens of the
Philippines?
According to the 1987 Constitution, the following are
the citizens of the Philippines (Art. 4, Sec. 1);

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time


of the adoption of the Constitution (February 2,
1987);
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of the Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalize in accordance with law.
Other Related Concepts
An ALIEN is a citizen of a country who is residing
in or passing through another country.

SUBJECTS are person who are already members


of the political community, but who enjoy special
status in another state. This may also refer to
citizens in a monarchial state.

NATIONALS refer to those who owe allegiance to


a state, whether democratic or not, without
thereby becoming citizens.
IMMIGRANTS are person who apply for entry
into another state for the purpose of
permanently residing therein.

REFUGEES are stateless person who fled their


home country for the safety and asylum of
another country. They have lost their original
citizenship because they cannot or do not wish
to return to their home country due to
persecution, starvation, or other special reason.
But they have not acquired the citizenship of
the host country to which they fled.
General Ways of Acquiring
Citizenship

1. Involuntary Method by birth, because of


blood relationship or place of birth.
2. Voluntary Method by naturalization,
except in case of collective naturalization of
the inhabitants of a territory which takes place
when it is ceded by the one state to another
as a result of conquest or treaty.
KINDS of Citizens
Natural-born citizens

a. Those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth


without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect
their citizenship.
b. Those who elect citizenship in accordance with
paragraph (3), Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution.

Naturalized citizen

One who acquires or perfects his citizenship by


performing certain acts required by law.
Two Principles or Rules the
Govern Citizenship by Birth
Jus sanguinis Blood relationship is the basis for the
acquisition of citizenship under this rule.

Jus soli or jus loci Place of birth serves as the basis for
acquiring citizenship under this rule. A person becomes a
citizen of the state where he is born irrespective of the
citizenship of the parents.

An illegitimate child follows the citizenship of this legally


known parent, the mother. Hence, there in no need to elect
Philippine citizenship.
What is Naturalization?

It is the act of formally adopting a


foreigner into the political body of the state
and clothing him with the rights and privileges
of the citizenship.
Loss of Citizenship
Voluntary

by naturalization in foreign country


by express renunciation of citizenship
by subscribing to an oath of allegiance to
support the constitution and laws of a foreign
country
by rendering service to, or accepting
commission in the armed forces of the foreign
country (except under certain circumstances)
Involuntary

by cancellation of his certificate of


naturalization by the court by having been
declared by competent authority, a deserter in
the Philippine Arm Forces in time of war.

The voluntary loss or renunciation of ones


nationality is called EXPATRIATION. In time of
war, however, a Filipino citizen cannot
expatriate himself.
Reacquisition of lost Philippine
citizenship

by naturalization
by repatriation
by direct act of the Congress of the Philippines

REPATRIATION is the reacquisition of


citizenship by taking a new oath of allegiance
to the Republic of the Philippine and
registering the same in the proper civil registry.
Section 4. Citizens of the Philippine who marry
aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by
their act or omission they are deemed, under
the law, to have renounced it.

Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical


to the national interest and shall be dealt with
by law.
Expulsion of Undesirable Aliens

The expulsion of undesirable aliens is


called DEPORTATION, whereby the state
expels any alien whose presence is harmful to
the public interest.
Grounds for Deportation

1. conviction of serious crimes as tax evasion,


counterfeiting on local currencies, and murder
2. support of subversive elements in the state,
outright treason
3. fraudulent document of entry; other
undesirable acts in the community
4. serious treat to the public safety, morals
and security
For humanitarian reason, and as privilege of a
state sovereignty, any state has the right to grant
shelter or active protection on the alien who
faces arrest by another state. This is known as
ASYLUM. It may also be defined as immunity
from arrest of extradition granted to the refugee
from another community.

EXTRADITION is the process whereby one state


surrenders an individual to another state against
which the individual have been accused or
convicted of a criminal offense.

You might also like