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Increased Ductility
Eases in Fabrication
- Use corner bars to hold & anchor stirrups.
Effect of Compression
Reinforcement
Compare the strain distribution in two beams
with the same As
Effect of Compression
Reinforcement
Section 1: Section 2:
T As f s T As f s
T Cs Cc1
T Cc1 0.85 f c ba 0.85 f c b1c1
As f s 0.85 f c ba2
As f s
c1 As f s 0.85 f c b1c2
0.85 f c b1
As f s As f s
c2
0.85 f c b1
Addition of As strengthens compression zone so that less
concrete is needed to resist a given value of T. NA
goes up (c2 <c1) and es increases (es2 >es1).
Doubly Reinforced Beams
Four Possible Modes of Failure
Under reinforced Failure
( Case 1 ) Compression and tension steel yields
( Case 2 ) Only tension steel yields
Over reinforced Failure
( Case 3 ) Only compression steel yields
( Case 4 ) No yielding Concrete crushes
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility Check
Assume es using similar
triangles
e s 0.003
c d ' c
e
c d '
* 0.003
s
c
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
Using equilibrium and find a
As As f y
T Cc Cs a
0.85 f cb
a As As f y r r ' d f y
c
1 1 0.85 f cb 1 0.85 f c
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
The strain in the compression
steel is
d
e s 1 e cu
c
1 0.85 f c d
1 0.003
r r ' d f
y
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
Confirm
fy
e s e y ; es e y
Es
1 0.85 f c d fy fy
e s 1 0.003
r r ' d f E 29 x 10 3
ksi
y s
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
Confirm
1 0.85 f c d f y 87
r r ' d f y 87
1 0.85 f c d 87
r r '
87 f
d f y y
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Find c
As f y 0.85 f c ba As f y
Ass As f y
c a 1c
0.85 f c b1
d c fy
es e cu e y
c Es
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
If the statement is true than
a
M n As As f y d As f y d d
2
else the strain in the compression steel
f s Ee s
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Return to the original equilibrium equation
As f y As fs 0.85 f cba
d
As f y AsEs 1 e cu 0.85 f cb 1c
c
0.85 f cb1c AsEse cu As f y c AsEse cu d 0
2
d d
fs 1 Ese cu 1 87 ksi
c c
Check the tension steel.
d c fy
es e cu e y
c Es
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Another option is to compute the stress in the
compression steel using an iterative method.
fs 29 x 10 1
0.85 f d
3 1 c
0.003
r r ' d f
y
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Go back and calculate the equilibrium with fs
T C C a
Af s y As fs
0.85 f cb
c s
a
M n As f y As fs d As fs d d
2
Limitations on Reinforcement Ratio
for Doubly Reinforced beams
Lower limit on r
3 f c 200
r min (ACI 10.5)
fy fy
200 200
r 0.00333
fy 60000
3 f c 3 4000
or 0.00316
fy 60000
0.62 in 2 29000 ksi 0.003 2.4 in 2 60 ksi c
0.62 in 2 29000 ksi 0.003 2.5 in. 0
34.68c 2 90.06c 134.85 0
c 2 2.5969c 3.8884 0
Example: Doubly Reinforced
Section
Solve using the quadratic formula
c 2.5969c 3.8884 0
2
c
2
c 3.6595 in.
Example: Doubly Reinforced
Section
Find the fs
d 2.5 in.
fs 1 Ese cu 1 87 ksi
c 3.659 in.
27.565 ksi
c
As f y As fs
2.4 in 2
60 ksi 0.62 in 2
27.565 ksi
0.85 f c 1b 0.85 4 ksi 0.8512 in.
c 3.659 in.
a
M n As f y As f s d As f s d d
2
2.4 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 3.659 in.
15.5 in.
0.62 in 2
27.565 ksi
2
0.62 in 2 27.565 ksi 15.5 in. 2.5 in.
Single Tee
Twin Tee
Box