Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physiography of Teknik
IndonesiaPerminyakan Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT
FakultasTeknologi Kebumian dan Energi Semester Genap_2014 - 2015
UniversitasTrisakti
LECTURE MATERIALS
1 INTRODUCTION: Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of Geophysical Methods
4
1. Introduction
1. Recently significant declined of oil and gas production relates to
natural condition of the reservoir happened in over the world.
2. In order to increase total oil production not only exploring the
new area but also applying latest technology have been
implemented in mature fields. New prospective technology have
been tested and applied to estimate the dynamic state of
reservoir properties.
3. The 4D microgravity method combined with existing seismic
data already applied in several oil fields in Indonesia.
Experience in these fields gave a better understanding of the
reservoir model.
4. The 4D microgravity method has some advantages compare
with other method in term of less time consuming, repeatability,
environmentally friendly and less cost.
5
EXPLORATION
1st EXPLORATION
PHASE
DELINEATION
2nd
DEVELOPMENT
3rd DEVELOPMENT
& PRODUCTION
PHASE
PRODUCTION
4th
6
Saputelli et al, 2004
7
Evergreen
flow model
Petrophysicist Mathematician,
Reservoir Eng.
Geologist
4D, well
sensors, Decide if
Input Production on track?
Data Asset Manager
Seismologist,
Microseismologist, Driller
Microgravitist Well control,
sweep
management
Output
FIELD
$
MANAGEMENT
Modified from: Calvert, 2008
Build reservoir model
accurately
Optimize production
Petrophysical Production
Logging
Model Model
RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR
Geochemical MODEL
MODEL Tracer
Data Geochemical Tracer
Model Data
Model
Geological
Model
13
The Objective of Time-lapse Study
To understand the reservoir heterogeneity
To delineate fault structure and
compartmentalization
To identify of by-passed oil
To understand of injection impact on
production
Lateral movement of injected water
Water front of injected water
Reposition of injectors (if necessary)
To locate the additional injectors
To helps upgrade reservoir models
14
1 Optimizing Existing Production wells
2 Pressure Maintenance
Production Histories
Monitoring
Borehole Seismic
Remote Sensing
1 Seismic
2 Microgravity
3 Electromagnetic
4 Compaction monitoring
5 Well temperature monitoring
6 Tracer
7 Combination
Calvert, 2005
18
Calvert, 2005
19
Calvert, 2005
20
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION
BY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION OF GRAVITY DATA
PLAY PROSPECT PROSPECT RESOURCES RESERVOIR
GRAVITY DATA IDENTIFICATION CAPTURE EVALUATION APPRAISAL MANAGEMENT
GRAVITY 1 5 mGal 0.2 1 mGal 0.1 0.5 mGal 0.1 0.5 mGal 0.02 0.1 mGal
RESOLUTION 2 20 km 1 5 km 0.5 2 km 0.2 1 km 1 5 years
REQUIRED * wavelength wavelength wavelength wavelength
Continental grids, Conventional marine High-resolution 0.01 0.005 mGal
satelite gravity, and land surveys land and marine (borehole)
airborne gravity surveys High-resolution
land, marine,
and gradiometer
surveys
25
GRAVITY SURVEY
2D/3D Gravity Method :
- g(x,y,z)
- Anomaly relative to Reference gn (theoretical)
- Value in mGal
- Bouguer Anomaly
* 4D Microgravity Method :
- Time as fourth dimension (time lapse) g(x,y,z,t)
- Anomaly relative to previous measurement
- Value in Gal ( high precision) no elev. change
Source of 4D Microgravity Anomaly
1. Gravity tide (Moon and Sun)
2. Dry and Wet Seasons
3. Land Subsidence
4. Groundwater level change
5. Pressure increase and decrease in Subsurface
6. Mass Decrease in Subsurface (Oil and Gas
Production in Reservoir)
7. Mass Increase in Subsurface (Water and Gas
Injection in Reservoir)
4D Gravity Anomaly :
First measurement called base line survey
Next measurement called monitoring survey
Dg ( x, y, z, Dt ) = gobs ( x, y, z, t2 ) - gobs ( x, y, z, t1 )
29
Tidal Gravity
Due to position change of moon and sun to the earth
Gravity tide can be obtained from :
a. Continue Gravity Tide Observation
b. Calculation using Longman equation( 1959)
c. Calculation using Brucek equation
Rainfall
g 978032.7 1 0.0053024 sin 2 0.0000058 sin 2 2
g g
g , h g h
h
2 g
1 f m 2 f sin
2
h a
0.308765 miliGal/meter = 7.50
h
Example :
- Groundwater and Subsidence cases > 15 Gal
- Hydrocarbon reservoir cases > 25 Gal
(in Indonesia : 150 Gal or 0.150 mGal)
- Geothermal reservoir > 25 Gal
(in Indonesia : 100 Gal or 0.100 mGal)
0
Production well Injection well Production well
Water
Oil
?
36
g
0
Production well Injection well Production well
Steam
Oil
?
37
Before Injection After Injection
-Pressure Decrease
43
Will it work for my reservoir?
Many factors influence whether or not the time-lapse anomaly in
the reservoir can be detected which 4-D surveys may be repeated.
1. These include the reservoir rocks themselves
2. Nature and rate of change of fluids being produced from or
injected into the reservoir.
3. Together, these influence the relative strength of the time-lapse
anomaly.
4. The ability to detect the anomaly is also affected by the ability
to exactly duplicate the previous survey locations.
5. The first step in any time-lapse survey is a feasibility study,
which will assess the ability to detect anomaly, repeat the earlier
survey and determine the optimum time interval between
surveys.
44
GravFluidsoftware
45
GravFluidsoftware
Integrated gravity and time-lapse microgravity
software application for Basin Mapping,
Petroleum System Identification and dynamic
reservoir monitoring developed by PERTAMINA
- ITB
Acquisition, Processing, Modeling, Simulation
and Visualization
46
1. Acquisition
Feasibility Study / Model test
Instrument calibration
Data entry: gravity and elevation
2. Processing
Bouguer anomaly calculation
Drift, Tidal, Lattitude, Free air, Terrain, Bouguer
Advance Processing
Spectrum Analysis
Filtering Process
Regional and residual separation
Derivative analysis
Subsidence and water table corrections
47
3. Modeling
Density contrast estimation using deconvolution
technique
Sub-surface modeling based on density contrast
changes
Surface gravity response calculation using forward
modeling
Apparent saturation model bulding
Sub-surface pressure change model building
48
4. Simulation
Fluid density changes estimation for each reservoir
layer
Reservoir fluid movement identification
5. Visualization
Conturing / mapping
3D Imaging
49
Project Design :
4D Microgravity to Improve RF
Base line 1st Time 2nd Time Continue
survey lapse survey lapse survey Project
Pre Project Preparation
Study
1 DATA PREPARATION
2 FEASIBILITY STUDY
Reservoir Simulation
Density change
Gravity Response
Wavelength Analysis
DEPEND ON
3 ACQUISITION SURVEY AREA (*)
4 PROCESSING
5 MODELING
6 SIMULATION
EXPERTS
Team Leader (1)
Sr. Reservoir Engineer (1)
Sr. Geophysicist (1)
OUTPUT
Surface gravity Time interval gravity Gravity Acquisition
response measurement parameter
52
Reservoirs: TIME-LAPSE
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION:
Depth, thickness
ENGINEERIN Permeability,
TIME-LAPSE Fluid density
G AND Viscosity, Porosity, RESERVOIR Pressure
GEOPHYSICAL Density, SIMULATION
Injection and Saturation
DATA Production data
53
1. Colecting reservoir data
rock and fluid properties data
volume of fluid/injection data)
2. Designing the reservoir model
Reconnaissance
of field area
(Scouting the field area) Calculating gravity changes
54
Subsidence correction
g ,h g
g
h
.h
g
h
2g
a
1 f m 2 f sin
2
Where
g
: Normal gravity gradient at latitude
h
: Latitude
56
Water table correction
gw 2 G h
gw 0.04193 h
gw 41.93 h Gal
= porosity (%)
With assumsion of 30% rock porosity, every meter lowering of water table
will change the gravity value as 12,579 Gal or 0.012579 mGal.
57
Estimation of Apparent Saturation using Marquardt
Inversion Method
( 2 1 )( S f 1)
Where the porosity, 2 the density of injected water, 1 the density
of oil, and Sf the water saturation.
DP = Dr . g . Dh
Where P the pressure change (Pascal), the density changes
(kg/m3), g the gravitational acceleration and h the reservoir
thickness (m).
Flow chart of apparent saturation estimation
using Marquardt inversion technique
Density Changes
Map
( 2 1 )( S f 1)
Inversion process
using Marquardt method
Estimation of
Apparent Saturation
Flow Chart of the Apparent Pressure
Changes Estimation
9325000
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