Engineering Materials

Lec. Muhammad Zarrar Khan

Email:muhammad.phd@scme.nust.edu.pk

Chapter 1 - 1
Metals :
Types of Materials
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.Elements e.g. Fe, Al, Cu, Ti, Ni, Au etc
2.Metallic Bonding
3.Contain also non-metallic elements e.g. C, N,O etc in minute
amounts.
4.Metals are :
Electropositive
Lustrous and reflective
Malleable and Ductile
Good Conductor of heat and Electricity
Sonorous
Hard in Nature
Opaque
High Melting and Boiling Points
Solid in Nature
Chapter 1 - 2
 Types of Materials

Comparison on the basis of Density

Chapter 1 - 3
 Types of Materials

Comparison on the basis of Fracture Toughness

Chapter 1 - 4
 Types of Materials
Non Metals:
1.Elements such as C,O,N,H etc
2.Usually Covalently bonded
3.Non Metals are usually :
Electronegative
Brittle and stiff
Poor Conductors of Heat / Electricity
They are not Lustrous
Soft in Nature
Low Melting and boiling points
Low Density
Chapter 1 - 5
 Alloy Chapter 1 - Introduction
An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements, which forms an
impure substance ,that retains the characteristics of a
metal(metallic bonding).
E.g Bronze , Brass , Gun metal etc
Is a metal-non metal mixture an alloy?
Is a non-metal-non metal mixture an alloy?
Types of Alloy?

Metalloids
A metalloid is any chemical element which has properties in
between those of metals and nonmetals
E.g boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and
tellurium etc

1).Shiny but brittle

2).Semiconductors but behave chemically as non metals
3)Intermediate between Metals and Non Metals .
Chapter 1 - 6
Ceramics:
Types of Materials
Ceramics are the inorganic crystalline materials , compounds
between metallic and non-metallic elements primarily held by
ionic bonding or ionic covalent bonding e.g. oxides, nitrides ,
borides , silicides and carbides.

Ceramics are
Brittle
Insulators of heat and electricity
Weak in tension
Highly Inert
High and well defined melting point
Stiff and Hard

Chapter 1 - 7
Types of Materials
A Polymer is made up of very large
molecules of high molecular weights,
which are long chains of repeated
smaller units joined together by
covalent bonds. These smaller units are
known as monomers

Chapter 1 -
 Types of Materials
Polymers:

Enhanced mechanical properties such as Strength ,toughness melting

temperatures , viscosity etc

Chapter 1 - 9
 Composites
Defined as two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical and chemical
properties , which remain separate and distinct
within the final structure.
Can be natural or synthetic mixture
Overall properties are superior than the
constituents
Made up of
Matrix: Major constituent into which minor
constituent is embedded.
Reinforcement /Filler: Discontinues and supported
by matrix , in the form of fibers or whiskers. It imparts
unique properties so the behavior of the matrix is
enhanced.
Examples: Fiber Glass (Glass Fibers embedded
within Polymer Matrix) , CFRP etc
Difference between Alloy ,Ceramic and composite ?
Chapter 1 - 10
 Types of Materials

Comparison on the basis of Strength

Chapter 1 - 11
Metallic Products

Chapter 1 - 12
Ceramic Products

Chapter 1 - 13
Polymeric Products

Chapter 1 - 14
 Advanced Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-tech applications are termed
as advanced materials.

High-tech mean a device or product that operates or function

using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles e.g.
electronic equipment, computers, spacecraft, aircraft, rockets etc.

These advanced materials are typically traditional materials

whose properties have been enhanced.

Advanced materials include;

Semi-Conductors
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials
Smart materials Chapter 1 - 15