CADASTRAL SURVEY

USING MODERN
TECHNOLOGY

BY : P.N.DAS
 CADASTRAL SURVEY

It is an inventory of actual division of real property

in to parcels based on an uniform co-ordinate system
and it provides informations about the actual
situation of parcels such as:ownership,location,size
and usages.Also it includes systematic records which
gives legal force to rights and for fiscal(tax)purposes
and produces registers for land holding.
It also involves collection of land information
belonging to geological and economical groups.
 CHOICE OF SCALE
Choice of scale depends on :
Economic value of land.
Size shape of individual plot.
Nature of crops and economic use of
land.
The lowest fraction of rupee to be
reckoned in taxation.
VARIOUS PROCEDURE TILL NOW ADOPTED:
Plane table traverse

Theodolite Traverse(Angle by Vernior Theodolite)

Rectification of Aerial Photographs

Photogrammetry using Large scale aerial photographs

Digital photogrammetry using Satellite Imagery

Coordinate based through total station

Coordinate based through GPS

Updating existing map.

Different Scales of Cadastral Map
F.P.S Metric Purpose
System System

16 " to 1 Mile 1:4,000 For Cultivated Fields

32 " to 1 Mile 1:2,000 For smaller field plots

small towns ,costly
lands
64 " to 1 Mile 1:1,000 For towns and cities

128" to 1 Mile 1:500 For very large cities

REQUIREMENT OF HARDWARE:

PENTIUM 4

SCANNER A0 SIZE

PLOTTER A0 SIZE

INKJET PRINTER A4 SIZE

REQUIREMENT OF SOFTWARE:

CAD SOFTWARE LIKE AUTOCAD/MICROTATION

EDGE ADJUSTMENT SOFTWARE

PROJECTION MAKING SOFTWARE

ARCINFO/GRAM++/GEOMEDIA FOR LIS/GIS

INDIGENOUS SOFTWARES FOR PLOTMAPS

INDIGENOUS SOFTWARES TO MEET SPECIFIC

REQUIREMENTS
 The Land information system is a
Government integrated infrastructure delivery
system to facilitate the user urban and Rural
people and to the Government officials for
smart decision making.
 In this scenario the Central and State government should
come forward to make an integrated system.
The government of India and the state governments
should come forward to have a land information system.
It is also required to change the old policy framework
which coordinates the collection, display, access to Land
information system.
At the end the integrated system can be put in the web
for easy accessing.
 Decision making
Automation
Best use of resources
Targeted development
Registration (Selling/Purchasing) easier
Litigation free land
Decision for litigated land
Land title, nomenclature data management
Linking to other databases
Waste land management
 Inaccurate
Finding out area is a raw procedure
Procedure followed inaccurate (Plane table traverse,
Vernier theodolite).
Adjustments not done between starts and ends
Error thrown to government areas like
(Forest areas / Waste land)
Updation is difficult
Apparatus used were very inaccurate
 Adjustments by Amins (in the hands of
under matriculate people)

Play/Adjustment can be made with

divider by amins

More litigations arose in Rural area than

Urban area

Cannot be printed to any scale

More and more inadvantageous

 Decision making easier
Litigacy solved easily
Can print the map to any scale
By digitisation linking can be
made for Land information system
Accuracy maintained
Quick updation
 Digitisation is a must to bring into computer.

Photograph (Aerial) and digitize

Imagery and digitize
From Ortho Photograph
Total station and simultaneous digitize
GPS and digitize
Any other coordinate system and make a database

For built up area all care should be taken to

pick up the base.
 In case of Field data observations, directly the
coordinates are brought into computer. The spatial
information is thus generated.

The imagery is brought to ground system by

Georeferencing whereas photographs are brought
into ground system by suitable orientations and
IMT (Independent ModelTriangulation)

Attribute data can be collected from the Tahsil

Office or so and can be linked to the existing spatial
data for Query and Analysis.
Imagery /
Photographs : The area covered by trees, water & shadow
is a problem which should be again
collected by sending the field hands to
field by Field measurement observation
(through optical square/Total Station/GPS).

Built up area : Here the cost is high. All care should be

taken to capture the coordinates by
ground method.
Ground truth : The owner does have belief with his old
area and does not accept the change in
area in any form though his land binding
is intact.

However, it has been proved with 0.5 metre accuracy

established from the photograph (10,000 scale)
and correction / insertion / deletion made by field
measurement observation.

The survey from imagery (IKONOS & QUICKBIRD)

will give correct result if the georeferencing is made with
short interval and feet that one data of QUICKBIRD may
be divided in A4 size of data and made the referencing.
Total station & GPS:
The procedure is very accurate but time taking.
The observer has to make a separate sketch for
making & drawing of plots
The area which are inaccessible are difficult to
capture
The area which are prone to Naxalites & Maoist is
further difficult to collect data from field
The most difficult is outturn .
However it is advantageous to have GIS attributes
simultaneously.
 Change of course of the river
Government plots like roads, waste land area may be
more or less which is not be acceptable to Govt.
heads.
Survey of village boundary are not shown/destroyed
Old policy a bottle neck
Some imaginary line drawn for dividing plots not
traceable on ground
To incorporate the missing details arose by
Photogrammetry / Imagery
Outurns
Manpower
Educating in current system
 To have the plot No.s serpentile manner (Now solved
by a look up table)
Division of plots by owner, share holders after making
the map (Last No. of the plots can be given)
Bigger plots appearing in two sheets (Imaginary line
is drawn at the division)
To make map in regional language (overcome by linking
the Leap office engine)
Preparing plotwise map to get dimensions, so that
correct decision can be taken for encroachments
 Updation by field measurement using Total
station.Updation by Optical square(Only for plane
Area),only applicable where Height difference is
within 2 metres
Transformation within known coordinates
Merging of updated Data in main DAtabases

Updation based on measurement taken from field

Division of Plots based on length on the sides

Simultaneous updation of Edge and Adjacency is

required
 As some map readers have no sufficient knowled
of interpreting the map, it is easier to interpret the surfac
through 3D Analysis/Surface Analysis

The Data can be

- A digitized file imported to Arcgis
- An ASCII file (Data collected from field by
Total Station)
- A contour File points are heighted
ORIGINAL CONTOUR FILE
3D VIEW OF THE AREA
(Exagerrated)
 It is inclined or steepness of a surface useful
for construction in low slopes and erosion and land
slides interpretation.
 It is the direction of slope faces useful for
Interpretation of growth of vegetation & Ice melting.
 This is the determination of light and darkness,
a surface would show and useful for Solar Radiation.
 Identification of the cells in an input raster that can
be seen from one or more observation points.
Useful to know to which location on the Land slope,
will the land fill visible.
 To calculate the direction, a ball would take if released
at a given point up to a pit or at end.
Useful in runoff studies.
 Area in 2D surface can be calculated.
Volume above and below the plane can be calculated.
Materials between one contour/block can be found out.

Useful for calculation of water in a reservoir above

dam.
Different features for Dam
Area of
work

Reservoir
area for
storage of
water
Reservoir
Bund
VOLUME AND AREA OF RESERVOIR
Statisical value of 2 D Area ,Surface Area & Volume
CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD AND
CUT &FILL
CREATING A LINE OF SIGHT
Visible Segments are in green and hidden segments
are in red
A line of sight is a line between two points that shows
the parts of the surface along the line that are visible
or hidden
 This is the easier algorithm to join the contiguous
locations of similar such as elevation, temperature, precipitation,
pollution, or atmospheric pressure in a line form.

Not advisable for preparation of topographical contour

maps
However, for planning and interpretation ,the module is useful.
GENERATION OF CONTOUR
(Using GIS Software)
 Why Interpolation?
Visiting every location is not possible
Predication will be better
Input points can be regularly or randomly
placed
Methods of Interpolation
Inverse Distance weighed(IDW)
Natural Neighbours
Spline
Krigging
 WHAT IS A MAP?

A MAP IS A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF A PORTION OF THE
EARTH SURFACE ON A FLAT SHEET OF PAPER ON
A DEFINITE SCALE IN THEIR CORRECT RELATIVE
POSTIONS AND ELEVATIONS.
 SURVEYING
Surveying is defined as an art of determining the relative positions
of distinctive features on the surface of earth by means of reliable
measurements of distance, direction and elevations.

The object of surveying is the preparation of plan or map of the

area. In the absence of accurate map it is impossible to lay out the
alignment of roads, railways, canals, tunnels etc.

Surveying is the first step for execution of any project.

 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Photogrammetry is defined as the science of obtaining reliable

information about the physical objects on the surface of the
earth through the process of recording, measuring and
interpreting photographic images.

It is derived from 3 Greek words photo + gramma + metron.

Light Sketch Measurement

 PHOTOGRAPH ( photo + graphos )

Photograph is a faithful record of nature.

It is unbiased.
It is known for its unbroken continuity and meticulous
rendering of details with machine like precision.
 Single aerial photograph is not used for mapping
purposes because of the following reasons.
-It is a central projection whereas map is orthogonal.
-Each photograph is having Relief&Tilt
displacement.
-Scale variation from point to point.
-2D in nature hence 3D data extraction not possible.
Instead of viewing the actual surface, we view two
dissimilar aerial photographs of the same area taken
from two different view points. Under certain suitable
conditions, we get a 3d view of the same area which is
very much similar to the earth surface in a reduced
scale.

Then that area can be viewed, measured and the map is

prepared orthoscopically.
MAP MAKING PROCESS USING DIGITAL
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE

Photography

Provision of GCP
Interior
Orientations
Exterior
Creation of DTM

Creation of orthophoto 3D digitization

2D digitization

Demarcation of Village boundary,

insertion of plot nos & other GIS
activities.
 PLANNING OF HI-TECH
SURVEY
INPUTS REQUIRED

Existing villages map(Hard Copy)

High Resolution Satellite imageries with RPC
files(World view 0.5m resolution)/APs
GCPs
Required Softwares
Instruments
 PROCEDURES
Pre Survey :

Monumentation of GCPs(Reference points)

Procurement of satellite imageries, s/w, instruments etc. and
provision of GCPs also.
Arrangement of training and coordination with collectors
Notification
Public awareness
ROR collection
 Stages of Survey
Step-1
Scanning of existing village map
Digitisation of scanned map(Creation of vector files)
Step-2
Provision of GCPs for 4 different block files(using satellite imageries) for 4
districts
Step-3
Creation of ortho images
-Creation of block file
-Orientation
-Creation of DEM
-Creation of ortho images
-QC checking the accuracy of ortho images
Step-4
Mosaic of individual sheets of village (if any) to create composite village
map
Georeferencing of digitised village map using ortho image
Step-5
Survey of obscured parcels using DGPS/ETS technique.

Step-6
Insertion and deletion of parcels if any (by comparing SABIK map and
mirror principle)
Delineation of village boundary from ortho image
Integration of survey data and draft village map
Linking of ROR data(comparison of ROR data at various stages)
Authentication of survey data by Tahsildar
Image derived parcel verification
Publication of draft village map
Correction of maps
Verification of maps by Tahsildar and invitation of objections and
resolution
Creation of final map
 ORTHO IMAGE
Raw satellite imageries along with RPC files have lots of
geometrical distortions like Relief and Tilt displacements
and scale variations.
An ortho image is an image ,geometrically corrected such
that it is scale free and the imagery has the same lack of
distortion as a map.An ortho image can be used to measure
true co-ordinates of any points ,true distance and areas etc.
because it is an accurate representation of the earth surface
having been adjusted for topographic relief ,camera tilts
and lens distortion.The accuracy of ortho image can be
checked by providing some fresh GCPs on the selected
field bunds and comparing their co-ordinates with the co-
ordinates of corresponding points on the ortho image.