Kuliah 9b:

ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF

Azizi Che Seman

Jabatan Syariah & Ekonomi
Akademi Pengajian Islam
Universiti Malaya
azizi@um.edu.my
azizics@yahoo.com
03-79676087/6168
 Descriptive Analysis
The transformation of raw data into a
form that will make them easy to
understand and interpret; rearranging,
ordering, and manipulating data to
generate descriptive information

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Frequency table
Two Proportion (percentage)
categories

Nominal Frequency table

Category proportions
More than
(percentages)
two categories
Mode

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Ordinal Rank order

Median

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Interval Arithmetic mean

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Type of Type of
Measurement descriptive analysis

Index numbers
Ratio Geometric mean
Harmonic mean

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Tabulation
Tabulation - Orderly arrangement of
data in a table or other summary format
Frequency table
Percentages

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Frequency Table
The arrangement of statistical data in a
row-and-column format that exhibits the
count of responses or observations for
each category assigned to a variable

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Central Tendency

Measure of
Central Measure of
Type of Scale Tendency Dispersion

Nominal Mode None

Ordinal Median Percentile
Interval or ratio Mean Standard
deviation

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 Cross-Tabulation

A technique for organizing data by

groups, categories, or classes, thus
facilitating comparisons; a joint
frequency distribution of observations on
two or more sets of variables
Contingency table- The results of a
cross-tabulation of two variables, such
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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Cross-Tabulation
Analyze data by groups or categories
Compare differences
Contingency table
Percentage cross-tabulations

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 Base

The number of respondents or

observations (in a row or column) used
as a basis for computing percentages

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Elaboration and Refinement
Moderator variable
A third variable that, when introduced into
an analysis, alters or has a contingent effect
on the relationship between an independent
variable and a dependent variable.
Spurious relationship
An apparent relationship between two variables
that is not authentic.

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Quadrant Analysis

Two
rating
scales 4 quadrants
two-dimensional
table Importance-
Performance
Analysis)

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Data Transformation
Data conversion
Changing the original form of the data to
a new format
More appropriate data analysis
New variables

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
Data Transformation

Summative Score =
VAR1 + VAR2 + VAR 3
 Collapsing a Five-Point Scale
Strongly Agree Strongly Agree/Agree
Agree Neither Agree nor
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree Disagree/Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Strongly Disagree

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 Index Numbers
Score or observation recalibrated to
indicate how it relates to a base number
CPI - Consumer Price Index

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Calculating Rank Order
Ordinal data
Brand preferences

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Tables
Bannerheads for columns
Studheads for rows

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Charts and Graphs
Pie charts
Line graphs
Bar charts
Vertical
Horizontal

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 Line Graph

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 Bar Graph

90
80
70
60
50 East
40 West
30 North
20
10
0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
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 WebSurveyor Bar Chart
How did you find your last job?
643 Netw orking
213 print ad
Temporary agency 1.5 % 179 Online recruitment site
112 Placement firm
18 Temporary agency
Placement firm 9.6 %

Online recruitment site 15.4 %

print ad 18.3 %

Netw orking 55.2 %

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Computer Programs
SPSS
SAS
SYSTAT
Microsoft Excel
WebSurveyor

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 Microsoft Excel -Data Analysis

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 The Paste Function Provides
Numerous Statistical
Operations

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 Computer Programs
Box and whisker plots
Interquartile range - midspread
Outlier

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman
 Interpretation
The process of making pertinent
inferences and drawing conclusions
concerning the meaning and implications
of a research investigation

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Metodologi Penyelidikan ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF Azizi Che Seman