DESIGN OF

RC BEAMS

By:
Dr. Thevaneyan Krishta David
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), SHAH ALAM
At the end of this week student should be
able to:
a) Adapt the procedure in the EC2 to design
the beam(CO2).
b) Adopt new parameter to design the
beam(CO2).
c) Construct the detail of beam.(CO2)
Introduction
Definition of design:
Determination of the general shape and all specific
dimensions of a particular structure so that it will
perform the function for which it is created and will
safely withstand the influences which will act on it
throughout its useful life.

Design is influenced by:

Principles of mechanics, structural analysis, behavioral
knowledge in structures and materials
Engineering experience and intuition
Function and strength with safety requirements will
vary for structures
Introduction
Influences and structural response:
Beam
Column
Slab
Wall
Connections
Stairway/staircase

Influence Structure Response

Loads Failure mode

Corrosion Compression
Environmental effects Tension
Earthquakes Deformations
Temperature fluctuations Cracking
Foundation settlements Torsional
Time effects Stresses
Motion
 RC Beam
RC Beam is a reinforced concrete structural
element that is capable of
withstanding actions primarily by resisting bending
It is known as a flexural member
Can be classified as simply supported, continuous
and cantilever beams based on its support conditions
RC Beams may fail due to bending moments, shear
and torsion

Therefore RC beams need to be designed to withstand

bending moments, shear and torsional
moments/shear
Design Procedure
Step Task Reference
EN 1990 Table 2.1
Determine design criteria: Design life, Exposure class & Fire
1 EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1
resistance
EN 1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS 8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine concrete strength
EN 206-1: Table F1
EN 1992-1-1: Table 7.4N
3 Select size of beam
EN 1992-1-2: Table 5.5
4 Estimate actions on beam EN 1990 Table A1.1 and A1.2
EN 1990 Table A1.1 and A1.2
5 Determine action combination and arrangements
EN 1992-1-1
Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond
6 EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1
requirements

7 Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and shear forces EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5

8 Design flexural reinforcement EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1

9 Check and design shear reinforcement EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2
10 Check deflection EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 7.4
11 Check cracking EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 7.3
12 Detailing EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 8 & 9.2
Design working life
EN 1990: Table 2.1
Design Indicative design
working life working life
category (years)
1 10
2 10 to 25
3 15 to 30
4 50
5 100
Examples
Temporary structures
Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
Agricultural and similar structures
Buildings structures and other common
structures
Monumental building structures, bridges,
and other civil engineering structures
Exposure classes

EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1

Fire Resistance
EN 1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
 Material Strength

BS 8500- 1
Concrete :
In EC2 the design of
reinforced concrete
is based on the
characteristic
cylinder strength
rather than cube
strength and should
be specified
according to EN
206-1. or BS 8500:
2006
Material Strength
EN 206-1
Material Strength
Reinforcing Steel:
EC2 can be used with reinforcement of characteristic strength
ranging from 400 to 600 MPa. A characteristic yield strength of 500
MPa has been adopted by the UK reinforcement industry.

Beam Size
The selection of beams sizes from structural viewpoint is often
dictated by deflection control criteria. In practice, the overall depths
of beams are often fixed in relation to their spans.
Span to overall depth ratios of 13 to 18 are generally found to be
economical in the case of simply supported and continuous beams.
The recommended ratio of width to overall depth in rectangular
beam section is in the range of 0.3 to 0.6.
Beam Size
EC 2 Part 1-2 Tables 5.5 and 5.6, gives a method for determining the
minimum dimension of beams for fire resistance requirements.

EN 1992-1-2 Tables 5.5 and 5.6

Concrete Cover
The nominal cover can be assessed as follows:
Cnom = Cmin + DCdev
Where Cmin shall be provided in order to ensure:
The safe transmission of bond forces
The protection of steel against corrosion (Durability)
An adequate fire resistance
And DCdev is and allowance which should be made in the design
for deviation from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10
mm. It is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication subjected to
a quality assurance system.
Concrete Cover
EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.2 & Sec 8.9.1 Minimum cover for bond

Arrangement of bars Minimum cover cmin,b*

Separated Diameter of bar
Bundle Equivalent diameter
n = nb 55 mm
Where nb is the number of bars in the bundle, which is
limited to
nb 4 for vertical bars in compression
nb 3 for all other cases
* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is > 32 mm, cmin,b should be increased
by 5 mm
Concrete Cover
EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.4N Minimum cover for durability
Structural Exposure Class according to Table 4.1 EC 2
Class X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55
Concrete Cover
Minimum cover for fire resistance
Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tubular method based on
nominal axis distance is used. This is the distance from the centre
of the main reinforcement bar to the top or bottom surface of the
member.

a > Cnom + link + bar/2

asd = a + 10 mm
Actions
Actions that applied on a beam may consist of beams self-
weight, dead and imposed loads from slabs, actions from
secondary beams and other structural or non-structural
members supported by the beam.
The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on the slab
dimension, supporting system and boundary condition.
There are alternatives methods which consider various support
conditions and slab continuity. The methods are, (i). Slab shear
coefficient from Table 3.15 BS 8110, (ii). Yield line analysis and
(iii). Table 63 Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook by
Reynold.
Analysis
The primary purpose of structural analysis is to establish the
distribution of internal forces and moments over the whole part
of a structure and to identify the critical design conditions at all
sections.

The type of analysis should be appropriate to the problem

being considered. The following may be used: linear elastic
analysis, linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution, and
plastic analysis.

Linear elastic analysis may be carried out assuming cross

sections are uncracked (i.e. concrete section properties), using
linear stress-strain relationships, and assuming means values
of elastic modulus.
 DESIGN OF MAIN (FLEXURAL) REINFORCMENT
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1
The design procedure for flexural design in figure below. The derived
formula is based on the following simplified stress block.

SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

 DESIGN OF MAIN (FLEXURAL) REINFORCMENT
The derived formula for a singly reinforced section is based on the simplified
stress block.

Internal forces,
Fcc = 0.567fck(b x 0.8x) = 0.454fckb
Fst = 0.87fyk As
For the internal forces to be in equilibrium,
Fcc = Fst
0.454fckbx = 0.87fyk As
x = 0.87fyk As / 0.454fckb (Eq 1)
Moment of resistance with respect to the steel,
M = Fcc . z
= 0.454fckbx(d 0.4x) (Eq 2)
 DESIGN OF MAIN (FLEXURAL) REINFORCMENT
Moment of resistance with respect to the concrete,
M = Fst . z
= 0.87fyk As (d 0.4x) (Eq 3)
From M = Fst.z where
Fst = 0.87fyk As
We can derive
As = M/ 0.87 fyk z (Eq 4

EC2 limits x to not exceeding 0.45d in order to avoid the sudden failure
exhibit by an over-reinforced section.

Mbal = [0.454fckb(0.45d)].[d 0.4(0.45d)]

= [0.454fckb(0.45d)].[0.82d]
= 0.167fckbd2 (Eq 5)
= Kbal fckbd2 where Kbal = 0.167
DESIGN OF MAIN (FLEXURAL) REINFORCMENT
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1
The design procedure for flexural design in figure below. The derived
formula is based on the following simplified stress block.

DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION

 DESIGN OF MAIN (FLEXURAL) REINFORCMENT
The derived formula for a doubly reinforced section is based on the simplified
stress block.

Internal forces;
Fcc = 0.454fckbx
Fsc = 0.87fyk As
Fst = 0.87fyk As
Lever arm;
z = (d 0.4x), z1 = (d d)
For the internal forces to be in equilibrium,
Fst = Fcc + Fsc
0.87fyk As = 0.454fckbx + 0.87fyk As
 DESIGN OF MAIN (FLEXURAL) REINFORCMENT
Taking moment about the centroid of the tension steel,
M = Fcc . z + Fsc . z1
= (0.454fckbx).(d 0.4x) + (0.87fyk As).(d d)
For design purpose, x = 0.45d

M = (0.454fckbx).[(d 0.4(0.45d)] + (0.87fyk As).(d d)

= 0.167fckbd2 + (0.87fyk As).(d d)
= Mbal + (0.87fyk As).(d d)

The area of compression reinforcement,

As '
M M bal
0.87 f y k (d d ' )
Example:
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the
cross section shown in figure below, given that the
characteristic strengths are f yk = 500 N/mm2 for
reinforcement and fck = 25 N/mm2 for the concrete

b = 300 0.56fck

x s
Fcc
d = 550

NA z
As =1470mm2

Fst
Solution:
For equilibrium of the compressive and tensile forces on
the section
Fcc = Fst
Therefore 0.567fckbs = 0.87fykAs
0.567 x 25 x 300 x s = 0.87 x 500 x 1470
From the above equation
s = 150mm and
x = s/0.8 = 150/0.8
= 188mm < 0.617d
From M = Fst x z
= 0.87fykAs (d s/2)
= 0.87 x 500 x 1470 (550 150/2) x 10-6
= 304 kNm
Try this out!
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of
the cross section shown in figure below, given that
the characteristic strengths are f yk = 500 N/mm2 for
reinforcement and fck = 25 N/mm2 for the concrete

b = 300 0.56fck

Fsc
d'= 50
As =628mm2 x s
Fcc
d = 550

NA

As =2510mm2

Fst

Ans = 509 kNm

Solution:
For equilibrium of the compressive and tensile forces on the section
Fst = Fcc + Fsc
Therefore 0.87fykAs = 0.567fckbs + 0.87fykAs
From the above equation
s = [0.87fyk (As As)]/ [0.567fckb]
= [0.87 x 500 (2510 628)]/ [0.567 x 25 x 300]
=193mm and
x = s/0.8 = 193/0.8
= 242mm < 0.617d (tension steel will have yielded)
d'/x = 50/242 = 0.207 <0.38 (compression steel also will have yielded)

From M = Fcc(d s/2) + Fsc (d d)

= 0.567fckbs (d s/2) + 0.87fykAs (d d)
= 509 kNm
Design of Flexural
Reinforcement
Flexural member
Beam is a flexural member.

Beam should be in an equilibrium condition at its ultimate limit state. It

deflects/bends when loaded causing crack in tension area

M+

Crack in tension area

To avoid cracks in tension and to strengthen the concrete, flexural
reinforcement need to be used.

M+

Reinforcement in tension area

DESIGN FLOWCHART OF MAIN REINFORCMENT
DESIGN FLOWCHART OF MAIN REINFORCMENT
FLEXURAL REINFORCMENT DETAILING
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 9.2.1
DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2
EC 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear capacity checks. In
this method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in compression
and shear reinforcement acting in tension.
DESIGN FLOWCHART FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
DEFLECTION
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 7.4
EC 2 has two alternative methods for checking deflection, either a
limiting span-to-depth ratio or the theoretical deflection calculation. The
span-to- depth ratio should ensure that deflection is limited to span/250.
DEFLECTION
DEFLECTION CHECKING FLOWCHART
CRACKING
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 7.3
Crack widths should be limited to
ensure appearance and durability
are satisfactory. In the absence
of specific requirements (e.g.
water tightness), it may be
limited to the values given in
Table 7.1N.

The theoretical size of the crack

can be calculated using
expressions given in Section
7.3.4 EN 1992 or from deemed to
satisfy requirements that can be
obtained from Table 11, which is
based on tables 7.2N and Table
7.3 N of Eurocode
CRACKING
The limits apply to either the bar size or the bar spacing, not both.
DESIGN EXAMPLE
Simply supported beam
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply
supported on two masonry walls 250 mm thick and 8.0 m
apart (clear distance). The beam has to carry a distributed
permanent action of 20 kN/m (excluding beam self-
weight) and a variable action of 10 kN/m. The materials to
be used are grade C20 concrete and grade 500
reinforcement. The beam is inside buildings which
subjected to 1 hour fire resistance and design for 50
years design life. Design the beam.
BEAM EXERCISE
NEXT CLASS WE WILL LOOK AT
DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BEAM
Final Exam June 2012
A double reinforced concrete simply supported beam which
is 250 mm wide and 400 mm deep with an effective span 9 m
carries permanent load and variable loads of 6KN/m and 8
KN/m respectively. Design the bending and shear
reinforcement and check the deflection. Assuming fck = 30
N/mm, fyk = 500 N/mm,cover to main steel = 25 mm,
diameter bar = 16 mm, diameter link = 10 mm.