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Solution
The bandwidth of a low-pass signal is between 0 and f,
where f is the maximum frequency in the signal.
Therefore, we can sample this signal at 2 times the
highest frequency (200 kHz). The sampling rate is
therefore 400,000 samples per second.
Quantization and encoding of a sampled signal
Example
Solution
The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0
to 4000 Hz. So the sampling rate and bit rate are
calculated as follows:
Components of a PCM decoder
The process of delta modulation
Delta modulation components
4.13
Delta demodulation components
Digital Specifications
The relationship between analog
signals and their digital
equivalent is important to the
overall performances of a system.
4.15
Factors that determine the
relationship between an analog
and its corresponding digital value
1. Accuracy
2. Resolution
4.16
Accuracy
4.17
Resolution
4.18
Quantization
Is the process of converting the
sampled signal to a binary value
Each voltage level will
4.20
v
111
110
1.0
101
100
011
010
001
000 0 t
0 to 1 V- analog signal
The same signal with a resolution of 1 in 8 parts
(three bits)
4.21
v
11 1.0
10
01
00
0 t
0 to 1 V- analog signal
The same signal with a resolution of 1 in 4 parts
(two bits)
4.22
Pulse Code Modulation
The size of each division or magnitude of the
minimum step is called the STEP SIZE
Quantization Error (Quantization Noise)
- is used to describe that a digital value
corresponds to a distinct span of analog
signals.
To reduce the quantization error, more
divisions (higher resolution)are used to
represent the analog value.
4.24
Dynamic Range
This is the ratio of the largest to smallest
analogue signal that can be transmitted .
Vmax
DR
Vmin
But Vmin is the resolution and can be written as
Vmax
q Vmin n
2
It follows that
Vmax
DR 2n
Vmin
If this is expressed in decibels
Vmax
DR(dB) 20 log 20 log 2n 20n log 2 6.02n
Vmin
DR(dB) 6n
From DR 2 n