10EE761

Power System Planning

Unit -1
Introduction to Power System
Planning
Prepared by
Dr.M.Srinivasan, Prof./EEE , NIT-R
 THE ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS
Regulations shape and influence the functions and processes.
The regulations generally concern,
1. Price setting: consumer tariff, wheeling charges, long-term
bulk-power Purchase agreements.
2. Quality of service standard and monitoring.
3. Compliance with public service obligations.
4. Dealing with consumer complaints.
5. Ensuring fair and open competition or the harnessing of
competitive forces, as appropriate.
6. Monitoring investment in and repair of infrastructure.
7. Third party use of networks.
 Contd.,
The current regulations enacted by the Government
of India are primarily administered by CEA in its role
as technical and economic advisor to the Minister of
Power, with input from state, regional and central
government entities.
For example, there is need for rules regarding
transmission access to private generators and for
checking the potential for anticompetitive use of
monopoly power.
Tariff regulations at the bulk power level are
primarily covered under section 43A of the Electricity
(Supply) Act of 1948.
ELECTRICITY ACTS
INDlAN TELEGRAPHICACT, 1885
This act covers the privileges and powers of the
government to place the telegraphic lines and
posts. Penalties and certain other
supplementary provisions regarding electric
power lines.
 INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT, 1910
This is an act to amend the law relating to the supply and use of electrical
energy.
It regulates:
1. Licences: Grant of licences; revocation or amendment of licences;
purchase of undertakings; annual account of licensees.
2. Works: Provision as to opening and breaking up of streets, railways and
tramways; notice of new works; laying of supply lines; notice to telegraph
authority; overhead lines; compensation for damage.
3. Supply: Point of supply; powers of lincences to enter premises,
restrictions on licensees; obligation on licensees to supply energy; powers
of the state governments to give direction to a licensee, power to control
the distribution and consumption of energy; discontinuance of supply to
consumers; meters.
4. Transmission and Use of Energy by Non-licensees: sanctions required by
non-licensees in certain cases; control of transmission and use of energy.
Contd.,
5. General Protective Clause: Protection of railways, aerodromes, canals,
docks and piers; protection of telegraphic and electric signal lines; notice
of accidents and enquiries; prohibition of connection with earth and
power to government to interfere in certain cases of default.
6. Administration and Rules: Advisory boards; appointment of electrical
inspectors.
7. criminal Offences and Procedure: Theft of energy; penalty for
maliciously wasting energy or injuring works; penalty for unauthorized
supply of energy by non-licensees; penalty for illegal or defective supply
or for non-compliance with order; penalty for interference with meters or
licensee's works and for improper use of energy; offences by companies;
institution of prosecution.
8. supplementary Provisions: Exercise in certain cases of power of
telegraph authority; arbitration; recovery of sums; delegation of certain
functions of the state government to the inspection staff; protection for
acts done in good faith; amendment of Land Acquisition Act, 1884;repeals
and savings.
 THE ELECTRICITY (SUPPLY ACT) ACT, 1948

This act rationalizes the production and supply of electricity and

generally provides for taking measures conducive to its development. It
provides for:
1. The Central Electricity Authority: Constitution ; powers to require
accounts, statistics and returns; direction of central government
to the Authority; power of central government to make rules;
powers of Authority to make regulations.
2. State electricity boards, generating companies; state electricity
consultative councils and local advisory committees; constitution
and composition of state electricity boards; interstate agreement
to extend board's jurisdiction to another state; formation,
objects, jurisdiction etc., of generating or transmission
companies.
3. Power and duties of state electricity boards and generating or
transmission company, coordination with regional electricity
boards and regional load dispatch centres.
Contd.,
4. The board's finance accounts and audit.
5. Miscellaneous items such as effects of other laws;
water power concessions to be granted only to the
board or a generating company; coordination between
the boards and multipurpose schemes; powers of
entry; annual reports, statistics and returns arbitration;
penalties; cognizance of offences; direction by the state
government; provision relating to income-tax;
members officers and other employees of the board to
be public servant; protection of persons acting under
this act; saving of application of Act.
 THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956

It contains 143 rules along with detailed annexure and

covers:
1. Authorization to perform duties
2. Inspection of electric installations: Creation of inspection
agency; entry and inspection; inspection fees; appeal
against an order; submission of records by supplier or
owner.
3. Licensing: Application, contents and form of draft license;
advertisement of application and contents thereof; approval
of draft licence and a notification for grant of licence;
commencement of licence; amendments of licence;
preparation and submission of accounts and model
conditions of supply.
Contd.,
4. General safety precautions: Regarding construction, installation, Protection,
operation and maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus; service lines
and apparatus on consumer's premises; identification of earthed conductors;
accessibility of bare conductors; provisions applicable to protective equipment;
instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shocks; intimation
of accidents; precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, electrical
contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers; periodical inspection and testing
of consumer's installations.

5. General conditions relating to supply and use of energy: Testing of

consumer's installation; precaution against leakage; declared voltage and
frequency of supply; placing and sealing of energy and demand meters; point
of supply; precautions against failure of supply.

6. Electric supply lines, system and apparatus for low, medium, high and extra
high voltages: Testing of insulation resistance; connection with earth; voltage
tests systems; general conditions as to transformation and control of energy;
approval by inspector; use of energy; pole-type substations; discharge of
capacitors; supply to neo-signs; supply to HVelectrode boiler; supply of X-ray
and high frequency installations.
Contd.,
7. Over headlines: Materials and strength; joints;
clearances and supports, erection of or alteration of
buildings; structures; conditions to apply where
telecommunication lines and power-lines can be carried on
the same supports; lines crossing; service lines; protection
against lightening; unused overhead lines.
8. Electric traction: Additional rules for electric traction;
voltage of supply; difference of potential on return; current
density in rails.: size and strengths of trolley wires; records.
9. Additional precaution for mines and oil fields.
10. Miscellaneous Provisions. Rules relaxation by the
government; relaxation by the inspector; supply and use of
energy by non licensees and others; penalty for breaking
seal and other penalties for breach of rules; repeal.
 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980

The Act stipulates the forest clearance

requirement for the forest area where hydro
plants (reservoir etc.), and transmission lines are
planned. The guidelines for taking power lines
through the forest area are,
1. Where routing of power lines through the
forest areas cannot be avoided, these should be
aligned in such a way that it involves the least
amount of tree cutting.
2. As far as possible, the route alignment through
forest areas should not have any line deviation.
3. The maximum width of right-of-way for the power
lines on forest land shall be as follows:
4. Below each conductor, width clearance of 3m would
be permitted for taking the swinging of stringing
equipment.
6. In the case of lines to be constructed in hilly
areas, where adequate Clearance is already
available, trees will not be cut.
7. Where the forest growth consists of coconut
groves or similar tall trees, widths of right-of-
way greater than those indicated above may be
permitted in consultation with the CEA.
TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACTS
These acts are of interest before erecting a
plant, a substation or overhead line. It is
necessary to seek approval of planning
authorities whenever these acts are applicable
ENVIRONMENT LAWS
Environment laws such as Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 are
important for getting pollution clearance from
the competent authorities in case of generating
plants
 LOAD FORECASTING
LOADS
1 Domestic This type of load consists mainly of lights, fans, domestic
appliances such as heaters, refrigerators, air conditioners, mixers, ovens,
heating ranges and small motors for pumping, and various other small
household appliances. The various factors are: demand factor 100 percent,
diversity factor 1.2-1.3 and load factor 10-15 percent.
2 Commercial This type of load consists mainly lighting for shops and
advertisement boardings, fans, air conditioning;" heating and other electrical
appliances used in commercial establishments, such as shops, restaurants,
market places, etc. The demand factor is usually 90- 100 percent, diversity
factor is 1.1-1.2 and load factor is 25-30 per cent.
3 Industrial These loads may be of the following typical power range,
4 Agriculture - This type of load is required for
supplying water for irrigation by means of
suitable pumps driven by electric motors. The
load factor is generally taken as 15-25 percent,
the diversity factor is 1-1.5 and the demand
factor is 90-100 per cent.
5 Other loads - Apart from the loads mentioned
above, there are other loads such as bulk
supplies, street light, traction and government
loads which have their own peculiar
characteristics.
 ELECTRICITY FORECASTING
Forecasting of electric load basically consists of,
Long-term forecasting which is connected with load
growth and supply / demand side resource
management adjustments.
Mid- / short-term forecasting which is connected
with seasonal or weather variations in a year, weekly
or daily load forecast etc.
The planning for the addition of new generation,
transmission and distribution facilities is based on
long-term load forecasts and must begin 2-25 years
in advance of the actual in service.
 In India, electricity load forecasts at the national, the
Annual Power Survey Committee under Central
Electricity Authority prepares regional and state levels.
Load demand of states and regions must be forecasted.
The pattern of Their typical monthly load curves must
be determined and the mix of base load and peaking
power stations for efficient integrated operation must
be fixed. Locations and power station capacities must
also be identified to give optimum results.
Tie-up of all necessary inputs; and matching
transmission and distribution systems must also be a
part of the full plan.
Forecasting techniques must be used as tools to aid the
planner, along with good judgment and experience.
 FORECASTS TECHNIQUES WITH EXAMPLES
1. For extrapolation, Sheer's formula is used
which is based on the hypothesis that for
every one hundredfold increase. In per capita
generation, half will reduce the rate of growth
of power generation. The following relation
was developed after studying load growth in a
number of countries.
Where G is annual percentage growth in power
generation, U is per capita generation, and C is
constant which is 0.02 multiplied by population
growth rate plus 1.33.
The formula is used iteratively to forecast power
consumption growth for each year with the
preceding value used to forecast the next year's
growth.
2. In the end use method, the consumption of
each category is projected, based on expected
changes in production (industrial), traction,
irrigation, water works and sewerage pumping
etc. This technique is adopted where sufficient
data regarding the programme for future is
available.
3. Trend method, is suitable in case of other
sectors such as domestic, commercial and public
lighting. For example, an exponented trend
using energy consumption data in India the
calculated regression equation is shown below:
(i) The fitting of continuous mathematical
functions through actual data to achieve the
least overall error, known as regression analysis;
and
(ii) The fitting of a sequence on discontinuous
lines or curves to the data.
The second approach in the short term forecasting. A
time varying event such as power system load can be
broken down into the following four major components,
(i) Basic trend
(ii) Seasonal variation
(iii) Cyclic variation which includes influences of periods
longer than the above and causes the load pattern to be
repeated for two or three years (or even longer cycles)
(iv) Random variations which occur on account of the
day-to-day changes are in the case of power systems,
are usually dependent on the time of the week, e.g.,
weekend, weak day, weather, etc.
 CORRELATION OF DEMAND WITH TEMPERATURE
There is a fair amount of correlation the power system demand
with temperature. The random variations left in demand after
deseasonalizing and removal of the trend effect are largely due to
temperature variations. There are two portions of the power
system load which are temperature dependent: domestic and
commercial loads which increase with cold on account of the use
of heating devices, and with heat which necessitates the use of
fans, coolers, air conditioner etc. resulting in load increase.
The correlation between the seasonal demand and temperature
variations is in fact high. e removal of temperature affects from
load readings, however, still leaves cyclic and random effects. This
is because similar weather conditions at different times of the
year do not cause similar human response. Other factors, such as
wind and rain seem important, but are hard to account for, as the
repetition of a certain set of exact weather conditions (e.g., cold
night, rain) is unlikely.
 Typical temperature demand relationship is
shown below
 FORECASTING MODELLING

Factors Affecting the Forecasting

There are many factors which influence the
prediction of load, and their influence vary from
area to area and from country to country. The
impact of any factor on load of a utility needs to
be properly examined before building a
forecasting model. The factors found to affect a
variety of utilities' load are time dependent,
weather dependent, random, and other.
Time dependent factors
Power systems exhibit a time dependent
pattern of electric load demand. At times,
these factors are regular, irregular or random
in nature. Regular pattern is exhibited during
the time of day, day of week and week of the
year, and yearly growth.
 Irregular pattern is exhibited on holidays, weekends, special days
etc., and load requirements tend to differ on these days than on
other days. Sometimes, load requirements do not follow any
pattern because of weather or other factors
Electric load requirements tend to depend on work rest style of
our set-up as there can be different possibilities of electric power
consumption if people are at home during the day than if they
are away at work. This implies that load patterns are different on
weekdays and weekends, with the Possibilities of 2-4 groups,
namely, weekdays, weekends, and pre and Post-respectively.
An analysis of past data can reveal two or more pattern of load
consumption for a week. On the same lines, load consumption
also differs on holidays, special holidays preceding and following
the weekends), and special days of national or social importance
which may require excessive lighting loads etc.
 The impact of these holidays and special days on
load demand would depend on the extent of public
participation, impact on industrial activity, and
state-level celebrations requiring excessive lighting
load. There are seasonal variations in hourly or
daily load, due to change in daylight hours, change
in heating to cooling load or vice-versa, typicality of
load pattern of some months etc. From the past
data (typically 2-5 years), periods in a year can be
divided into time-scales (hourly, daily etc.) which
exhibit an established load curve and others with a
comparatively variable load curve.
Weather Dependent Factors
Weather is one of the principal causes of load variations as it affects
domestic load, public lighting, commercial loads etc. Therefore, it is
essential to choose relevant weather variables and model their
influence on power consumption. Principal weather variables found to
affect the power consumption include temperature, cloud cover,
visibility, and precipitation.
The first two factors affect the domestic/office (e.g., heating, cooling)
loads, whereas the others affect lighting loads as they affect daylight
illumination.
Average temperature is considered to be the most significant
dependent factor that influences load variations. However,
temperature and load are not linearly related, and variations in
temperature in one temperature range may not have any effect on the
load, whereas in other temperature ranges and/or other seasons a 1C
change can change load demand by over one per cent. This non-linear
relation is further complicated by the influence of humidity and by the
effects of extended periods of extreme heat or cold spell.