Terrorism & Extremism

In
South Asia
& Its Impacts

Masaud Azhar
Hamza Qureshi
Ali Ahsan
MAP OF SOUTH ASIA
Terrorism at a glance:
Definition
The term "terrorism" comes from French terrorisme, from Latin: 'terror', "great
fear
There is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism, definition of
terrorism varies according to legal systems and governments.
For example definition according to Security Council Resolution 1566
(2004):
criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to
cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the
purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a
group of persons or particular
According to Merriam Webster dictionary terrorism is the systematic use of
terror especially as a means of coercion.
ISLAM & TERRORISM

Islam is a religion of peace, tranquillity and freedom and totally

against cruelty and terrorism.
According to QURAN E KAREEM
And do not aggress; GOD dislikes the aggressors. (Quran 5:87)

And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by
right.(Quran17:33)

You shall not kill * GOD has made life sacred * except in the course of
justice. These are His commandments to you that you may understand.
(Quran 6:151)
South Asia Vs. World
GLOBAL Terrorism Index
Geography of Terror Incidents
 Terrorism and South Asia
Global terrorism center of
gravity shifts to South Asia.
South Asia now epicenter of
terrorism.
The arc of instability.
Islamist militancy in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India
and Bangladesh.
Maoist insurgency in India
and Nepal.
The Red Corridor.
FATA.
Hindu radicalism.
Mumbai attack November 2008
LTTE in Sri Lanka.
Common Factors

Terrorism is caused by poverty and exploitation

Terrorist enemies are at once civil and military, state
and non-state, territorial and non-territorial (Beck, The
Cosmopolitan Vision (Polity) 2006: 152)
Regional tensions and non-resolution of core disputes
Hegemonic policies
Threatening sovereignty of smaller countries
Growth of nuclear arsenal and induction of new
weapons.
Terrorism & Extremism
In
Afghanistan
Demographics
Population - 26,813,075 (2001 est.)
Age Distribution
0-14 years - 42 %
15-64 years - 55%
65 + - 2.79%
Life Expectancy - 47 male; 45 female
Population Growth Rate - 2.5%
Population Doubling Time - 29 years
Infant Mortality Rate 147:1,000 live births
Literacy Rate total population - 32%; male
- 47%; female - 15%
14
The situation of Afghanistan
( Background)
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001, as a result of
military operations by the US-led multinational
forces. Al Qaeda and leaders of Taliban fled to the
border regions and into Pakistan.
In Afghanistan, security operations by ISAF
established by a UN Security Council resolution have
been successful to a certain extent and the
international community has been supporting nation-
building.
 peace dividends have not reached every
corner of the country and some people
support the insurgents for economic and
other causes.
With increased power of the Taliban
forces, the security situation has
deteriorated in recent years without
considerable improvement of peoples
living standards.
GLOBAL Terrorism Index
2016
Challenges in Afghanistan
Crushing OBL and al-Qaeda, and hard-core
Taliban seems imperative for US security;
stabilizing Afghanistan, growing its own security
forces and building out its government capacity
are critical to those goals.
Revised COIN strategy is good in theory, Piraeus
is real leader, US combat forces are superb, but
how much will it take, can Afghanistan unite, and
will US public stay the course?
Pakistans commitment and capacity to rebuilding
Afghanistan and defeating the Taliban are huge
question marks, as are Irans in a lesser way
Causes of Terrorism in
Afghanistan
Injustice
Illiteracy
Poverty And Unemployment
Political instability and Poor governance
Sectarianism
The soviet Afghanistan war
US involvement
Militancy
Causes of Terrorism in
Afghanistan
INJUSTICE:
Injustice often leads to terrorism. If people do not
avail timely justice then they are inclined towards
violence.

Low Illiteracy rate, poverty and unemployment:

According to a survey conducted by Afghanistan
Social and Living Standards Measurement
(PSLM).The overall literacy rate, estimated at 36%.
Causes of Terrorism in
Afghanistan
Poor governance and political instability:
Afghanistan is facing democratic crisis now a days. Lack of unity in
political parties has caused political instability, Additionally poor governance,
institutional paralysis and socio-economic downfall also further enhance
terrorism to flourish.

Sectarianism:
According to data collected by aniqa ali et al hate-preaching of some
elements are the critical issue that has spread virus of terrorism in Afghanistan.
Two extremist Anti-Shia sectarian organisations like the Sipah-i-Sahaba
Afghanistan and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi killed thousands of Shia Muslims in last few
years.
Causes of Terrorism in
Afghanistan
The soviet Afghanistan war:
Militancy and intolerance in Afghanistan also seems to be
developed after soviet Afghanistan war. Weaponisation flourished in
Afghani society that originated Kalashnikov Culture and Talbanisation.
Religious intolerance towards other religion is also a factor which is causing
terrorism in our society. Some Religious people who apparently claim to be
Muslim are just stooges in the hands of foreign elements that are involved
in terrorism acts. These elements attract are using youngsters for their
purpose.
 Afghanistan: anti-government forces: Militia
leaders/warlords
Regional/clan/tribal-based patron-client relationships
Fusion of feudal/pre-modern relations and modern social
and political relationships
Haqqani Network
Jalauddin Haqqani
Claimed responsibility for Kabul bombing this week

Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddun

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Former PM
Deeply opposed to foreign intervention

Warlords on both sides

Shifting loyalties and finances
25
Afghanistan: anti-government forces: Al
Qaeda
Saudi- Egyptian-originated international militia group
November 2001 invasion immediately destroyed training
camps, displaced AQ activists to Pakistan, reduced AQ
capacity, increased tensions with hosts
key leaders Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri still
at large presumably.
Core AQ international combat reach doubtful; limited
Afghanistan combat role
Effective franchising of AQ through loose international
networks continues
Differentiation and development of loosely related networks
Mega-terrorism threat continues
Taliban distancing themselves
ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF TERRORISM
Impact of terrorism on society

A society in which terrorism prevails cant be called as healthy

society. it effects social relations among people and creates
unemployment, homelessness, poverty and other social
problems. During and after the terrorist incident people are
afraid to move freely, which effects education, employment,
offering prayers. Some people migrate from one place to
another in search of peace and tranquillity which not only
causes economic loss but also cause anxiety and specifically
effects health of the people.
Impact of terrorism on society

An article published by Mahjabeen Khan University of

Torontoin March 2014, "Impact of terrorism on health and
hospital anxiety depression scale screening in medical
students" she concluded that HAD scale on assessment
showed 84.6% of the respondents had psychiatric
morbidity. The significant risk factors associated with
terrorism among medical students were age, gender,
physical, mental and social health
 Impact of terrorism on society

In another paper published in 2000 in UK titled as Depression

and social stress in Afghanistan. They examined total of 259 people .
Out of 55 cases, 54 had depressive disorder, and 48 non-cases.
Nearly all cases were examined for more than 1 year.

From this study they draw the conclusion that people are suffering
from depression and it may be higher than other developing
countries.
Impact of terrorism on society

Similarly Rachel Yehuda1and Steven E Hyman Department

of Psychiatry, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;
published an article in 2005 on The Impact of Terrorism on
Brain, and Behaviour: What We Know and What We Need to
Know.
After terrorist activity people will be fearful for a week or
more and majority of them would need mental health
treatment. This problem will be more severe if a person was
closed to the terrorist event. However the impact of terrorism
varies from person to person due to being different genetically.
Consequences of terrorism
In a nut shell the impact of terrorism on
society is undeniable and greater, it not only
influences economy but also causes instability in
the region. For example over the last ten years
the damage to the Afghanistan economy is
estimated at $100 billion.

It also puts enduring impacts on mental health

and relationships of the people. It creates long
lasting fear in the hearts, causes depressions and
confusion and people feel insecure and unsafe in
their daily life activities.
Refugees
Afghans constitute the largest single refugee population
in the world with an estimated 6 million people or 30
percent of the global refugee population. The population
has been greatly affected by a refugee problem for years.
Large numbers of Afghans are refugees in Pakistan.
Refugees
 Current challenges
To reverse the momentum on the
ground in Afghanistan.
The safe haven that the Taliban and
al-Qaeda and other jihadists has to be
closed down.
 Afghanistan: The new regional political play ground (e.g.
entry of India)
Drug-terror nexus: drug trafficking source of terrorist
funding(e.g. opium trafficking in Afghanistan)
Warlords
Taliban by back
Private militias
Strategy needed in Afghanistan

Revitalizing existing
multilateral mechanism,
regimes and treaties for their
contribution to prevent
terrorist activities.
The Afghanistan-Pakistan complex
Now a two-country war: Afghanistan, spilling over into
Pakistan
The principal source of the global crisis of Terrorism.
2009 was a year of escalating violence and widening
disorder across the Af-Pak region.
The surge of US troops in Afghanistan in 2010 and
the uncertain tactical gains in Marjah notwithstanding,
there is little reason to believe that the troubling
fundamentals of the region are going to experience any
significant change.
 Afghanistan and Pakistan both ethnically mixed
Structure/border legacies of colonial formation as nation-states
key Pashtun ethnic group cross-border relations: hence
Pashtunistan
Largest single group in Afghanistan; southern and eastern
concentrations
Dominant in western border provinces of Pakistan
Emerging US perception of a cross-border war against
Pashtunistan: hence Af-Pak War
What next in the post withdrawal period of US forces.
Resurgent Taliban.
Its the time in Taliban framework.
Terrorism & Extremism
In
INDIA
Overview: Terrorism in India
Nation building process marked by
religious fundamentalism, ethnic tensions
and economic disparities.
Continuing militancy /insurgency/
extremism in Kashmir and North
Eastern States.
Rising Maoist/ Naxal influence across
central India and linkages with Nepal.
42
GLOBAL Terrorism Index
2016
TOTAL DEATHs from 2005-
2017
INDIA
Civilians SFs Terrorists Total Year

128 117 240 485 2017

199 179 515 893 2016
181 155 386 722 2015
407 161 408 976 2014
303 193 388 884 2013
303 193 388 884 2012
429 194 450 1073 2011
759 371 772 1902 2010
720 431 1080 2231 2009
1007 374 1215 2596 2008
1013 407 1195 2615 2007
1118 388 1264 2770 2006
1212 437 1610 3259 2005
Trends in terrorism in India

Homegrown terrorists
mixed with foreign connections
Lots of the groups rally around Kashmir issue
The looming threat from Maoist terrorism
The rise of Hindu fundamentalism.

The regional nexus of terrorism

 Terrorism in India

India subdivides terrorism in four major groups:

Ethno-nationalist terrorism - This form of terror focuses either
(a) on creating a separate State within India or independent
of India or in a neighboring country, or (b) on emphasising
the views/response of one ethnic group against another.
Violent Tamil Nationalist groups from India to address the
condition of Tamils in Sri Lanka, as well as insurgent tribal
groups in North East India are examples of ethno-nationalist
terrorist activities.
Religious terrorism - This form of terror focuses on religious
imperatives, a presumed duty or in solidarity for a specific
religious group, against one or more religious groups.
Mumbai 26/11 terror attack in 2008 from an Islamic group in
Pakistan is an example of religious terrorism in India.
Terrorism in India

Left-wing terrorism - This form of terror focuses on

economic ideology, where all the existing socio-political
structures are seen to be economically exploitative in
character and a revolutionary change through violent
means is essential. The ideology of Marx, Engel, Mao, Lenin
and others are considered as the only valid economic
path. Maoist violence in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are
examples of left wing terrorism in India.
Narcoterrorism - This form of terror focuses on creating
illegal narcotics traffic zones. Drug violence in northwest
India is an example of narco-terrorism in India.
Major conflicts and terrorist groups
operating in India

State: Jammu & Kashmir

Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure)

Jaish-e-Mohammed (Army of the Prophet)
Hizb-ul-Mujahiddeen (Party of Holy
Warriors)
Harkat-ul-Mujahiddeen (Movement of Holy
Warriors)
Al Badr (The Full Moon)
Harkat-ul-Jehad Islami (Movement of the
Islamic Jehad)
 North East India
State: Assam
ULFA: United Liberation Front of Asam
NDFB: National Democratic Front of
Boroland
UPDF: United Peoples Democratic Front
BLT: Bodo Liberation Tigers
 State: Nagaland
NSCN-IM: National Socialist Council of Nagalim- Isak-
Muivah
NSCM-K: National Socialist Council of Nagalim- Khaplang
State: Manipur
UNLF: United National Liberation Front
PLA: Peoples Liberation Army
PREPAK: Peoples Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak
NSCN-IM: National Socialist Council of Nagalim- Isak-
Muivah
 State: Tripura
NLFT:National Liberation Front of
ATTF: All Tripura Tiger Force
State: Meghalaya
HNLC: Hynniewtrep National liberation
Council
ANVC: Achik National Volunteer Council
 Left Wing Extremism
State: Bihar
Peoples War Group [Communist Party of India,
Marxist-Lennist (Peoples War)]
Maoist Communist Centre
Ranvir Sena (Anti-Left Wing caste army of
landlords)
State: Jharkhand
Peoples War Group [Communist Party of India,
Marxist-Lennist (Peoples War)]
Maoist Communist Centre
 State: Orissa
Peoples War Group [Communist Party of India, Marxist-
Lennist (Peoples War)]
State: Chattisgarh
Peoples War Group [Communist Party of India, Marxist-
Lennist (Peoples War)]
Maoist Communist Centre
Andhra Pradesh
Peoples War Group (PWG)
Communist Party of India Marxist Lennist (Janasakhti)
[Janasakhti: Peoples Power]
58
Current situation
Naxalites do not belong to any religion or community. They
are mainly Dalits, Adivasis or other marginalized sections of
society totally indoctrinated by the teachings of Mao and
Marx.
Links with Nepalese Maoists, ULFA, and LTTE for training
and modern weapons.
Maoist incidents account for over 60% of the violence:
killings, kidnappings, extortion, abduction, IED blasts and
destruction of property.
Growth of Naxalite movement due the exploitation and
oppression of Dalits, Adivasis and other landless people by
feudal agrarian system with strong interface of caste and class.
New forms of Terrorism in India

Cyber-terrorism.
RDDs (Radiological dispersal devices).
Threats to Indias nuclear installations.
Threats to Indias maritime assets (offshore oil platforms, attractive
commercial targets).
Bio-terrorism.
Nuclear terrorism??
Causes Of Terrorism

Social and political

injustice(feudalism)
The belief that violence or its threat
will be effective
Religious
Illiteracy
Injustice
Impact of Terrorism
Before you attempt the question given to you as an
assignment you must take note of the following
information:

A primary goal of terrorism is to disrupt society by causing

widespread psychological damage and social disruption

Secondly, the purpose of terrorism is to provoke social,

political and economic fall-out
Impact of Terrorism
Economic impact: loss of life, infrastructures, and business.
Government spending on security
Society impact: create atmosphere of suspicion, fear ,and
panic all around
Political impact: makes world politics more complicated and
difficult
Impact of Terrorism

Society impact: Terrorism poses a serious law and

order problem and leads to disintegration of
society. The incident of murder, torture, mutilation,
kidnapping, arson and extortion create
atmosphere of suspicion, fear and panic all
around. Life becomes uncertain. The terrorists kill
unarmed civilians including women and children.
Impact of Terrorism

Political impact: In general, terrorism makes world politics

more complicated and difficult. This is because terrorism
can cause very important problems even though terrorist
groups are not clearly linked to states. The presence of
non-state actors who can have a real impact on the
world makes world politics more difficult.
Impact of Terrorism
Economic impact: we can see that every terrorism event
always killed the innocent people, destroyed public
properties, and individual properties. The large amount of
money has been used to repair the loss of infrastructures. The
investigators are afraid to do the business because they worry
about safety. Government spending on security has also

increased. For example, 26/11 Attacks

Loss of life and property cost insurance companies close to US$40
million
Losses of business to the airline industry as people were afraid of
flying following the incidents.
Terrorism Scenario at World
level
3
Terror Attacks In India
Impacts of terrorist attacks
on Indian tourism
The first victim of any terror attack is
tourism. Post Mumbai attacks, most
inbound tour operators are recording
cancellation on bookings.
Indian tourism faced setback in foreign
tourist arrival in 2009 which saw
tourist arrivals fall by 3.3 percent to 5.11
million
The impact on airline-related business, the
aircraft and parts manufacturers and
tourism which in turn affects hotels,
restaurants and tourist attractions.
Terrorism ruins tourism in India

In the wake of the

Mumbai terror attacks many
foreign countries have issued
travel advisories against
travel to Mumbai and India.
The attacks are expected to
dent the image of 'Incredible
India' and make it difficult for
the 'brand' to achieve its
goal of doubling tourist
arrivals from last year's five
million to 16 million by 2017.
Extremism in India

RAPE !
Solutions to Terrorism
Education!!!
Understand the differences in cultures, religions,
beliefs and human behaviors
Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all
human beings, not just one group of people
Eliminate the root of terrorism
Terrorism & Extremism
In
Srilanka, Bangladesh & Nepal
Sri Lanka after the Liberation Tigers of
Tamil (LTTE)
The Liberation Tigers of
Tamil Eelam (LTTE), has
been comprehensively
defeated.
An end of a relentless 33-
year long conflict, and 26
years of full scale civil war.
On May 20, 2009, the Sri
Lanka Army officially
declared the end of Eelam
War .
 The top leadership of the LTTE, including its chief
Vellupillai Prabhakaran, intelligence chief Pottu
Amman and Sea Tigers chief, Soosai, were dead
Defeated remnants of the armed cadres surrendered
or sought obscurity among the thousands of the Tamil
displaced in refugee camps
The Diaspora leadership squabbled over succession,
eventually to publicly renounce the option of violence
 Terrorism in Srilanka
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)of Sri Lanka have
been identified as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the
United States Department of State.
More than 64,000 people have died in Sri Lankas unresolved
civil war over the past 20 years.
The LTTE is reportedly responsible for more suicide attacks than
any other terrorist organization worldwide.
Hopes for a peace agreement with the LTTE, that would grant
the Tamils a degree of autonomy in the northeast, have been
put into doubt by recent moves by President Kumaratunga.
Terrorism in Srilanka

Kumaratunga, who was wounded in a LTTE attack,

reportedly believes that her political rival, Prime Minister
Wickremesinghe, has been means for addressing
terrorism and the best mix of a military and political
solution.
The LTTE has thus far stated that they remain committed
to the peace process despite recent political turmoil and
infighting inside the Sri Lankan government too ready to
make concessions in negotiations with the LTTE.
 Terrorism in Srilanka
LTTE Supremo Velupillai Prabakaran has sought guarantee that the
government will honor the cease fire during the period of internal
turmoil within the Sri Lankan government.
The Norwegian government has played an active role in trying to
broker a lasting peace between the LTTE and the Sri Lankan
government.
Hardliners, represented by the President, have accused the
Norwegians of exceeding their authority in trying to broker a peace
agreement.
There is concern among some analysts that the rivalry between the
president and the prime minister could lead the LTTE to relaunch a
terrorist campaign to force the president back to the negotiating
table.
Terrorism in Srilanka

Others feel that the LTTE will be hesitant to do so because

it would thereby loose the political legitimacy that they
have been gaining.
The United States has recognized that the LTTE is
engaged in a peace process and holds the hope that
the LTTE will renounce terrorism and cease terrorist acts.
Until such time, the United States Government has stated
that it will not remove the LTTE from the Foreign Terrorist
Organization list.
Significant focus of LTTE

LTTE had biggest money machine

Controlled a territory which became
a state within a state
LTTE taught suicidal bombing
Had three dimensional capacity
LTTE and WMD?
 Gender dimension of
terrorism
Child soldier in terrorism
Media and terrorism

81
82
Post war challenges
Economic destruction which is to be reconstructed
Emotional trauma
Ruined hopes and shattered dreams.
Rehabilitate the Tamils.
More than 250,000 internally displace persons, who are to be fed and
attended to
Apprehension about future
Little possibility of a immediate resurgence of
terrorist violence in the foreseeable future but
beyond short term cannot be ruled out.
The enduring tragedy of Sri Lanka is that the
opportunities of a hard won peace are quickly
being frittered away in a blind, polarizing and
fractious politics.
They won the war but missing the peace
Solution has to be political not military.
LTTEs financial empire exists which
have not been dismantled
Tamil Diaspora
Incomplete political reconciliation
Issues of human rights violation
Glimpses of Bangladesh

Muslim Majority South

Asian State
Originally People with Moderate
Mindset & Homogenous Population
 Overview
Bangladesh
There is increasing concern among analysts that
Bangladesh might serve as a base from which both
South and Southeast Asian terrorists could regroup.
There have been reports that up to 150 Taliban and Al
Qaeda fighters fled to Bangladesh from Afghanistan in
December 2001 aboard the MV Mecca, which
reportedly sailed from Karachi to Chittagong.
This was evidently not the beginning of Al Qaeda
connections with Bangladesh.
Al Qaeda had reportedly recruited Burmese Muslims,
known as the Rohingya, from refugee camps in
southeastern Bangladesh to fight in Afghanistan, Kashmir
and Chechnya.
 It has the objective of establishing Islamic rule in Bangladesh.
HuJI has recruited its members, thought to number from
several thousand to15,000, from the tens of thousands of
madrassas in Bangladesh, many of which are led by veterans
of the jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan.
The organization is thought to have at least six camps in
Bangladesh as well as ties to militants in Pakistan.
The Bangladesh National Party coalition government includes
the small Islamic Oikya Jote party which has connections to
HuJI.
It was reported that French intelligence led to the arrest of 16
Bangladeshis on December 4, 2003 in Bolivia for allegedly
planning to hijack a plane to attack the United States.
According to reports, they were later released for lack of
evidence.
11 Bangladeshis were arrested in Saudi Arabia on August 14,
2003 on suspicion of planning a terrorist act.
 The Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) is the largest
organization
representing the over 120,000 Rohingyas in Bangladesh.
The number of Rohingyas varies depending on the level of pressure
they are under in their homelands in Burma.
The Rohingya also speak the same language as Bangladeshis from
the Chittagong area.
These destitute and stateless people have proved tobe a fertile
ground for recruitment to various militant Islamist groups.
The RSO has reportedly received support from the Jamaat-e-Islami in
Bangladesh. Afghan instructors are reported to have been seen in
RSO camps.
There are also reports, based on information derived from the
interrogation of Jemaah Islamiya (JI) leader Hambali, who was
arrested in Thailand in August 2003, that indicate that he had made
a decision to shift JI elements to Bangladesh in response to recent
counter-terrorist activity in Southeast Asia.
 It is also thought that key JI operative Zulkifi Marzuki may
already be in Bangladesh.
The decision to move operations west may also be
evident in the arrest of 13 Malaysians and six Indonesians,
including Hambalis brother Rusman Gunawan, in
Pakistan in September 2003.
Bangladeshis have been among those arrested in
Pakistan on suspicion of being linked to terrorist
organizations.
Some have speculated that JI militants, thought to be
from Malaysia and Singapore, would not have made it
to southeastern Bangladesh without some degree of
tacit agreement from the Directorate General of Forces
Intelligence of Bangladesh which is thought, by some, to
have close ties with ISI
 It is also thought that Fazl ul Rahmans Rohingya Solidarity
Organization, which is based in southeast Bangladesh, has also
established ties with JI. These reports are difficult to confirm.
Despite these apparent developments within Bangladesh, visiting
Secretary of State Colin Powell told his Dhaka audience in June 2003
that Bangladesh has been a strong supporter in the war against
terrorism because their enlightened policy is that terrorism ... effects
us all.
The Government of Bangladesh has also denied that Bangladesh
has become a haven for Islamic militants, such as the Taliban or Al
Qaeda.
The Bangladesh government has also denied allegations made by
Indian Deputy Prime Minister Advani that Bangladesh had aided
Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence and Al Qaeda elements.
It has also been reported that the Bangladesh Rifles and police have
captured weapons during anti-terrorist operations in the
southeastern border region with Burma in August and September
2003
 Nature of Terrorist threats in
Bangladesh
Religious militancy (Islamic
extremism).
Violent radicalization
Leftist movement.
Terrorism in the form of
political violence.
Ethnic insurgency (in the
CHT).
Maoist threats.
Existing militant/ terrorist groups in
Bangladesh
29 listed Islamic organizations for
suspected involvement in militancy.
Government so far banned four
militant organizations:
JMB,
Huji-B,
Jagrata Muslim Janata
Bangladesh (JMJB)
Shahadat-e al Hikma.
Focus only on outlawed JMB and
Huji-B.
List includes Bangladesh chapter of
international organization Hizbut-
Tahrir Bangladesh.
The other listed militant/terrorist
outfits are
Hizb-ut Towhid Biswa Islami Front
Allahr Dal, Islami Samaj Juma'atul al Sadat
Al Harat al Islamia Shahadat-e-Nobuat
Jama'atul Faliya Jama'at-e Yahia al Turat
Towhidi Janata Joyshe Mostafa Bangladesh
Al Jihad Bangladesh Woarat Islamic Front
Dawat-e Islam Tanjim
The other listed militant/ terrorist outfits are

Jamaat-as-Sadat Joysh-e Mohammad

al Khidmat Hijbul Mahadi
Harkat-e-Islam al Kalemar Dawat
Jihad
Hijbullah Islami Islami Dawati Kafela
Samaj
Muslim Millat Shahria
Council
World Islamic Front al Islam Martyrs
for Jihad Brigade
Hizb e Abu Omar Jadid al-Qaeda
Bangladesh
 Nepal
the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)/ United Peoples Front has
been identified as an Other Terrorist Group by the U.S. Department of
State.
On October 31st 2003, the United States Government went further
and announced that for national security reasons it was freezing
Maoist terrorist assets. The security situation in
Nepal has deteriorated since the collapse of the cease fire between
the Maoists and the government on August 27, 2003.
By some estimates, the numbers of Nepalese killed since August has
risen significantly. This brings the total number killed since 1996 as high
as 9,100 by some accounts.
It has also been reported that the Maoists anti-United States rhetoric
has grown and that there is a potential threat to U.S. staff and
facilities in Nepal, including aid programs.
Currently, an estimated 32,000 Maoist fighters are opposed by
120,00 Nepalese soldiers and police.
India has acknowledged a link between the Maoists and leftist
extremists in India.
 The Maoists message frequently calls for the end of American
imperialism and for the dirty Yankee to go home.
The Maoists Chief Negotiator and Chairman of the Peoples
Government, Baburam Bhattarai, reportedly threatened the United
States with another Vietnam if the United States expands its aid to
Nepal.
In September, Bhattarai sent a letter to the U.S. Ambassador in
Kathmandu which called on the United States to stop interfering in
the internal affairs of Nepal
Maoists claimed responsibility for killing two off-duty Nepalese
security guards at the American Embassy in 2002, and the Maoists
have made it known that American trekkers are not welcome in
Maoist-controlled Nepal.
Further, the Maoists stated on October 22nd that American-backed
organizations would betargeted.
Rebel leader Prachanda is reported to have stated that groups
funded by American imperialists would not be allowed to operate
in Nepal.
 After the cease fire, the Maoists appeared to be shifting from large-
scale attacks on police and army headquarters to adopting new
tactics that focused on attacks by smaller cells conducting widespread
assassinations ofmilitary, police and party officials.
The unpopularity of this policy appears to have led the Maoists to shift
policy again in October and declare that they would not carry out
further political killings or further destroy government infrastructure.
Despite this guarantee, attacks continue.
Regional leader ofthe Maoists, Ram Prasad Lamichhane of the Gandak
region, renounced the party for using terrorism in November 2003.
The Maoists guarantee against terrorist attacks did notextend to
projects run directly by the United States.
The United States Agency for International Development and Save the
Children both operate in Nepal.
On October 27, Maoist leader Prachanda stated that we will ensure
that no American citizens tourists or officials except those who
come to the battlefield with the Nepal Army would be caused any
harm by the Maoist militia.
 Counter Terrorism in South Asia
SAARC has adopted several
conventions.
SAARC Regional Convention
on Suppression of Terrorism
(signed by all member states
and came into force in 1988)
Additional Protocol to the
SAARC Regional Convention
on Suppression of
Terrorism(2002)
Bilateral CT agreements.
National CT measures and
regulations.
What to do
Strengthen institutional capacity for crisis
management and consequence
management.
For regional stability India and Pakistan
should evolve a strategic restraint regime
covering both nuclear and conventional
forces.
Rerences

Satp.org
Williamson, Myra (2009). Terrorism, war and
international law: the legality of the use of force
against Afghanistan in 2001. Ashgate Publishing.
p. 38. ISBN 978-0-7546-7403-0.
2. Schmid, Alex P. (2011). "The Definition of
Terrorism". The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism
Research. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 0-203-82873-9
3. law.cornell.edu: "U.S. Code Title 22 Chapter
38 2656f - Annual country reports
on terrorism)
4. What Is Terrorism?
5. Wikipedia.
References

6. Krueger and Jitka Maleckova June 24, 2002).

7. Defence against terrorism review vol.4
No.1,spring and fall 2012,pp. 13-30
8. Data collection aniqa ali 17063 aisha shahid
rana 17147 yasir dil 17234 gulaab khan
12240 rao ali terrorism in Pakistan.
9. Israr Khan,The news,May 26, 2017)
10. Tuba Sher ,Pakistan Observer.Economic cost
of terrorism in Pakistan ,July 30, 2017.
11. Husain N, Creed F, Tomenson B. Depression
and social stress in Pakistan. Psychol
Med 2000; 30: 395-402.)
Question and
Answer
Thank You