Principle and Maximum

Shearing Stresses (7.1-7.3)

MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 1

Transformation of Stress
Recall the general state of stress at a point can be written in terms of 6
components: x, y, z, xy= yx, xz= zx, yz= zy
This general stress state is independent of the coordinate system
used.
The components of the stress state in the different directions do
depend on the coordinate system.

Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 2

Transformation of Stress
Consider a state of plane stress: z=xz=yz=0

Where does this occur?

Thin plate
Outer surface

Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 3

Transformation of Stress
What do we want to calculate?
Principle stresses ( maximum and minimum)
Principle planes of stresses (orientation at which they occur)
Slice cube at an angle to the x axis (new coordinates x, y).
Define forces in terms of angle and stresses.

Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 4

Transformation of Stress
Sum forces in x direction.

x ' A x A cos cos y A sin sin

xy A sin cos xy A cos sin

x ' x cos 2 y sin 2 2 xy sin cos

Sum forces in y direction.

x ' y ' A x A cos sin y A sin cos xy A sin sin xy A cos cos

x ' y ' y x cos sin xy cos 2 sin 2

Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 5

 Transformation of Stress
x ' x cos 2 y sin 2 2 xy sin cos

x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2

Trig identities
To get y, evaluate x at + 90o. 1 cos 2
2 sin cos sin 2 cos 2
2
x y x y
y' cos 2 xy sin 2 1 cos 2
2 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2
2

x ' y ' y x cos sin xy cos 2 sin 2

x y
x' y ' sin 2 xy cos 2
2
Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 6
 Transformation of Stress
x y x y x y x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2 y' cos 2 xy sin 2 x' y' sin 2 xy cos 2
2 2 2 2 2

Now, lets perform some algebra:

2 2
y y y
x ' x x2' y ' x cos 2 2 xy2 sin 2 2 2 x cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
2
x y y
sin 2 2 xy2 cos 2 2 2 x cos 2 sin 2
2 2

Constants (we can 2 2

find these stresses). y y
x ' x x2' y ' x xy2
2 2

Variables

Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 7

Principle and Max Shearing Stress
Define
2
x y
x y
1
ave R
2
xy2
2 2
Plug into previous equation
2 2
y y
x ' x x2' y ' x xy2
2 2

x ' ave 2 x2' y ' R 2

Which is the equation of a circle with center at (ave,0) and radius R.

Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 8

Principle and Max Shearing Stress
We learned before that the principle stresses (maximum and
minimum ) occur when xy = 0.
max ave R
x y
x' y' sin 2 P xy cos 2 P 0 min ave R
2
y max R
xy cos 2 P x sin 2 P min R
2
2 xy y
tan 2 P tan 2 s x
x y 2 xy

2
x y x y
max,min xy2
2 2
2
x y
max,min xy2
2
Principle and Maximum Shearing Stresses 9
Example Problem
For the state of plane stress shown below, determine (a) the principal
planes, (b) the principal stresses, (c ) the maximum shearing stress
and the corresponding normal stress.

Mohr's Circle 10
Mohrs Circle (7.4-7.6)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Mohr's Circle 11
Constructing Mohrs Circle
x y
Given: x, y, xy at a particular orientation 1
ave
2
2
Draw axes x y
R
2
xy2
Plot Point O, center, at (ave,0) 2
Y
Plot Point X (x,xy),
this corresponds to = 0
Plot Point Y (y,-xy),
this corresponds to = 90 O
Draw a line through XY
2P
(passes through O):
This is the diameter of the circle
Draw circle X

Mohr's Circle 12
Sign Convention

Mohr's Circle 13
Uses of Mohrs Circle
Find stresses on any inclined plane. 2 Q 2 2 Q1 180
Rotate by 21 to point X.
2 S 2 2 Q1 90
This points gives the stress state (x1, xy1).
The point Y gives (y1, -xy1).
S1 (ave, max)
Find principle stresses.
Q1 is the point with the highest X (x1, xy1)
normal stress.
Q2 is the point with the smallest 2 O 2Q1
normal stress. Q2 Q1
(min, ) (max, )
S1 is the highest shear 2P
stress = R.
S2 is the lowest shear (y1, -xy1) Y 2Q2
stress = -R.
X
S2
Mohr's Circle (ave, min) 14
Example Problem
For the state of plane stress shown below, determine (a) the principal
planes, (b) the principal stresses, (c ) the maximum shearing stress
and the corresponding normal stress.

Mohr's Circle 15
Special Cases of Mohrs Circle
x
Uniaxial tension R
2
max = x
min = 0
max = x / 2

Hydrostatic pressure
R0
max = x
min = x
max = 0

Pure torsion x
max = x R
2
min = -x
max = x
Mohr's Circle 16
Example Problem
For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing
stresses after the element shown has been rotated (a) 25o clockwise
and (b) 10o counterclockwise.

Mohr's Circle 17
Example Problem
For the element shown, determine the range of values of xy for which the
maximum tensile stress is equal to or less than 60 Mpa.

Mohr's Circle 18
3D Stress States
Mohrs circle can be drawn for rotation about any of the three principle axes.
These axes are in the direction of the three principle stresses.
The maximum shear stress is found from the largest diameter circle.

x-c plane y-c plane

x-y plane

1
Mohr's Circle max max min 19
2
Applied to Plane Stress
Recall z = 0 (z-axis is one of the principle axes)
The third value is always at the origin.
Where does max occur?
2 possibilities

max is in the x-y plane max is out of the x-y plane

Mohr's Circle 20
Example Problem
For the state of stress shown, determine two values of y for which the
maximum shearing stress is 75 MPa.

Mohr's Circle 21
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
(7.9)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 22

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Cylindrical vessel with capped ends Spherical vessel

Assumptions
Constant gage pressure, p = internal pressure external pressure
Thickness much less than radius (t << r, t / r < 0.1)
Internal radius = r
Point of calculation far away from ends (St. Venants principle)
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 23
 Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
Circumferential (Hoop) Stress: 1
Sum forces in the vertical direction.

2 1 tx p (2rx) 0

pr
1
Longitudinal stress: 2 t
Sum forces in the horizontal direction:

2 2rt p (r 2 ) 0

pr
2
2t
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 24
Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
There is also a radial component of stress because the gage pressure
must be balanced by a stress perpendicular to the surface.
r = p
However r << 1 and 2 , so we assume that r = 0 and consider this a
case of plane stress.
Mohrs circle for a cylindrical pressure vessel:
Maximum shear stress (in-plane)
2 pr
max
2 4t
Maximum shear stress (out-of-plane)
pr
max 2
2t
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 25
Spherical Pressure Vessel

Sum forces in the horizontal direction:

2 t 2r p(r 2 ) 0
In-plane Mohrs circle is just a point
pr
1 2 1 pr
2t max
2 4t
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 26
Example Problem
A basketball has a 9.5-in. outer diameter and a
0.125-in. wall thickness. Determine the normal
stress in the wall when the basketball is inflated to a
9-psi gage pressure.

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 27

Example Problem
A cylindrical storage tank contains liquefied
propane under a pressure of 1.5MPa at a
temperature of 38C. Knowing that the tank has an
outer diameter of 320mm and a wall thickness of
3mm, determine the maximum normal stress and
the maximum shearing stress in the tank.

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 28

Example Problem
The cylindrical portion of the
compressed air tank shown is
fabricated of 8-mm-thick plate
welded along a helix forming an
angle = 30o with the horizontal.
Knowing that the allowable stress
normal to the weld is 75 MPa,
determine the largest gage
pressure that can be used in the
tank.

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 29