Pre-School Oil & Gas Calcs

SURFACE TESTING
Schlumberger Private
OIL & GAS CALCULATIONS
TEP1 ELC, Melun

Objectives
On completion of this presentation you should be able
to:
Explain the theory behind the calculation of oil and
gas rates using:
Shrinkage Tester & Meter Factor
Combined Meter Factor
Tables
Be familiar with the standard Well Test Report sheets
for Oil and Gas Calculations
Oil Information Sheet
Lists the main variables used
in oil calculations
Explains various Oil
Calculation equations for:
Measurement with Tank
Shrinkage Tester & meter
factor
Combined Meter Factor
(Shrinkage measured with
Tank)
Shrinkage from Tables
Oil Calculations Basic Theory
Vo V 1 BSW f 1 SHR K
V = Volume of liquid recorded by oil meter
BSW = Basic Sediments and Water
F = Meter factor
(physical inaccuracy in meter when checked before the job with water)
SHR = Shrinkage Measurement
(volume reduction in oil taken from separator to tank conditions)
K = Shrinkage Temperature Correction Factor
(correction of shrinkage from tank temperature to 60 degF)
Vo = Corrected Oil Volume
Oil Calculations Basic Theory
3 Cases considered using worked examples:
1. Shrinkage & Meter Factor
2. Shrinkage from Tables
3. Combined Meter Factor
Also, observe how the handwritten reading sheets are

filled in.
Example #1 Shrinkage & Meter Factor
In this example:
SHR is measured directly using a
shrinkage tester
f is measured before the job starts
by flowing water through the meter
and measuring returns at the tank
SHR then has to be corrected from

shrinkage tester conditions to 60
degF using K factor
2 2 1 2 3 - 3 - 3 3 2 - 2
We have separate
meter factor
Values already marked

NOTE on the
THE sheet come from the
UNITS
AND
Well NUMBER
Testing ReadingOF DECIMAL PLACES
Sheets
Case #1 Shrinkage Tester used

Shrinkage Factor = 1 SHR
= 1 3.5/100 = 0.965
Temp = Temperature at SHRINKAGE

0.965 88
TESTER
Vo*Vs
= Corrects
=Interval Vs for
is time
Difference BSW and
between
between meter
Meter factor
Readings
d d= Vs.(1-BSW).f
each set13.13
= 33.96 of readings
= 20.83 bbls
d = 20.83 x (1-1.5/100) x 0.96 = 19.70
To calculate
specific gravity at
60 degF use
CHART
Oil SG @ 60 degF
Measured
SG = 0.864 @ 90 degF SG
0.876
SG from Left Axis

TEMP from Bottom Axis
Intersection point draw line
parallel to Red Lines
To find SG@60 degF either:

Compare position of line to
Red Lines
Extrapolate to T = 60 degF
and use Left Axis
Shrinkage
60 degF TEMPERATURE
SG @ 60 degF =
CHART
0.876
Next the TEMPERATURE
CORRECTION FACTOR, K must
be calculated.
This corrects the SHRINKAGE @
Observed Shrinkage Temperature to
the SHRINKAGE @ 60 degF
We need to use a CHART
SHR K FACTOR Shrinkage TEMP
= 88 degF
SG/60degF = 0.876
SHRT = 88 degF 0.988
SHRT from Top Axis
Coincides with SG @60degF
line
Line to Right Axis to read K

Factor
SHR K factor =
CHART
0
0.988 18.78 1803 18.78
The CUMULATIVE
Calculate the corrected
rate,
production
usingvolume
the
is interval
calculated
flowed from the time of the
last FIXED
Rate = Vo*.(1-SHR).K
=
VoCHOKE
Vo/(INTERVAL)
CHANGE. In x (#thismin
example
per day)
consider 08:00
Cumulative
= 19.70
18.78 x/=15
0.965
Rate
x 1440
xxTime
0.988since choke change
= 18.78
1803 BOPD
bbls
= 1803 x 15/1440
= 18.78 bbls
Now the rest of the remaining lines can be
completed
36.63
Cumulative = 18.78 + 1714/1440 x 15

= 36.63
Or 18.78 + 17.85 = 36.63
Example #2 Shrinkage Tables
In this example:
Shrinkage Factor (1-SHR) is
estimated from tables (based on
KATZ Data)
f is measured before the job starts

by flowing water through the meter
and measuring returns at the tank
K factor = 1 as KATZ table gives

Shrinkage Factor already at 60
degF
In this case we
use f =1as f is
unknown
Values already marked on the sheet come from the
Correct for BSW and meter factor as before
Well Testing Reading Sheets
Vs = Difference in meter reading
Vo* = Vs.(1-BSW).f
0.818
Again, we calculate gravity at 60 degF using

Tables
CHART
SHRINKAGE FACTOR is estimated from tables
using
Separator Pressure (psig) & Oil SG @ 60 degF
1-SHR @ 60 degF
Sep P. = 1050 psi
SG@60 degF = 0.818
Sep P.
1050 psi
Draw SG line on chart
Separator Pressure from Left
scale
Intersect with SG line, and
vertically down
Intersect with lower curve
Horizontal to left axis to get
shrinkage factor @ 60 degF 0.856
(1-SHR) @ 60 degF = 0.856

CHART
K Factor = 1 , because Shrinkage Factor already at
60 degF.
Then complete Vo and rates as before
Vo = Vo*.(1-SHR).K
1282
The last line can then be completed in the

same way.
1282
Example #3 Combined Meter Factor
In this example:
During the well test, a meter factor is taken, but we
must
Wait 30 minutes before taking final gauge tank
reading to allow any Shrinkage to occur
Record Tank Temperature for K factor calculation
Tank Reading
CMF
Meter Reading
This meter factor takes account of meter factor, f and

shrinkage of oil and so is called a COMBINED
METER FACTOR, (1-SHR)*
CMF (1 SHR )* f .(1 SHR )
Correct for BSW as before, in this case there is no

meter factor
Vs = Difference in meter reading
Vo* = Vs.(1-BSW)
Values already marked on the sheet come from the

Well Testing Reading Sheets
To Calculate CMF.
0.898
Tank Vol.= (Tank Final Reading Tank Initial Reading) x Tank Conversion Factor
= (84 50) x 0.264 = 8.976 bbl
Combined Meter Factor = (Tank (True) Reading) / (Meter Reading) = 8.976/10 = 0.8976
To Calculate CMF.
0.898 98
Shrinkage Temperature = Tank Temperature when final reading is taken

0.890
Again, we calculate gravity at 60 degF using

Tables
0.984
And we calculate the Shrinkage Temperature

Factor, K using the tables as in Example 1
Then complete Vo and rates as before
Vo = Vo*.(1-SHR).K
The last line can then be completed in the
same way.
Gas Calculations
Gas flowrate is calculated from the differential
pressure across the daniel orifice plate and static
pressure, as measured by the Barton Chart
Recorder.
Q C hw Pf
hw = Differential Pressure (in. of H20)

Pf = Separator pressure (psia) measured
downstream of Plate
Gas Calculations Numerical Constant
C Fu Fb Fg Y2 Ftf Fpv
Fu = Unit Conversion Factor
Fb = Basic Orifice Factor
Fg = Specific Gravity Factor
Y2 = Expansion Factor
Ftf = Flowing Temperature Factor
Fpv = Supercompressibility Factor
Gas Information Sheet
Explains basic theory behind
gas calculation
Lists main data about
metering devices. e.g.
Daniel Line Bore
Specific Gravity
Measurement
Shows selection of Fu to give
desired output units and
reference conditions
Gas Calculations - Example
Air:1.00
0
250
Values already marked on the

sheet come from the Well Testing
Reading
With Sheets
Separator Static &
Differential Pressures being the
most important measurements
Air:1.00
0
250
The output units of

the gas rate come
from the choice of
Fu
NOTE THE UNITS
Especially psia for P
Most of the factors have no units
Fu Unit Conversion Factor
Value depends on
the reference
conditions used
and the units of
gas rate desired
Normally reference
conditions are:
14.73 psi
In this case we desire scf/day
60 degF Fu = 24
- - - 2 3 3 2 4 4 4 4 1
250
Number of decimal places for Gas Rates depends

on how large rate is, and how we report it:
SCFD 0 dp
Note Number of MSCFD
Decimal Places 1 dp Required
MMSCFD 2dp
Also
Air:1.00
0
Start the calculations. 250
126.10
hw Pf 265 60 126.10
250
TABLES
Fb Basic Orifice Factor
Depends on:
Daniel Line Bore: ID

of the metering tube
Plate on side of
Daniel
Normally 5.761 in.
Orifice Diameter (in)

D = 5.761
in
d = 1.5 in
Fb = 455.03
TABLES
or EQUATION
Fg Specific Gravity Factor
Fg corrects the gas flow equation for

gas factors that have a s.g. not
equal to 1
Calculated by a simple equation
1
Fg
s.g.
Interpolate
Or can be taken from the table.
(Interpolate values)
s.g. =
0.715
Fg = (1.1834+1.1818)/2 =
1.1826
TABLES or
GRAPH
Y2 Expansion Factor
Y2 takes into account the change in specific gravity of

the gas as its velocity and pressure change through
the orifice
Can be calculated from either:
Tables
Chart (very user unfriendly!)

Y2 Expansion Factor - Tables
Into the table we input:
d 1.5
0.260 ~ 0.3
D 5.761
hw 60
0.226 ~ 0.2
Pf 265
Dont try to interpolate the

table, just round to the
nearest 1 dp and use this
value
Y2 = 1.0013
Y2 Expansion Factor - Chart
The chart is normally only used if we are outside the range of the
tables. To use:
Draw a line between Pf and hw using the parabolic axis.
There is a choice of scales so you must be consistent. i.e. if

reading Pf from the outer scale of the big parabola, you must
read hw from the outer scale of the big parabola.
Where this line intersects the horizontal axis, draw a line

vertically up.
From the horizontal axis, take the orifice diameter and go
vertically up until we hit the Line bore line, then horizontally
across.
From the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines draw
a line to the reference point A and where this line intersects
the vertical axis we can read off Y2.
Y2 Expansion Factor - Chart
Y2 = 1.0083
Pf = 180 psig
d = 2.125 in
Example
Pf = 180 psig
Hw = 260 in H20
Line Bore = 4.026 in
Orifice Size = 2.125 in hw = 260in
TABLES or
EQUATION
Ftf Flowing Temperature Factor
Ftf corrects the gas rate for
flowing temperatures that are
not 60 degF
Calculated by an equation
520
Ftf
460 T f degF
288.556

273.2 T f degC
Or can be taken from the

table
Tf = 85
degF
Ftf =0.9768
TABLES or
CHART
Fpv Supercompressibility Factor
Fpv Corrects the gas flow rate for the fact that real
gases deviate from the ideal behavior as predicted by
Boyles law.
To calculate it we need:
Separator Static Pressure (psig)
Gas Specific Gravity
Flowing Temperature
Can be calculated from either:

Tables
Chart
Fpv Supercompressibility Factor Table (1)
Second table corrects this

Fpv for the flowing
temperature
Input:
Fpv
Tf
Each heading is
inclusive to next higher
heading. Do not
interpolate
Pf = 265 psia = 250
psig
sg = 0.715
Fpv (uncorrected) =
Fpv Supercompressibility Factor Table (2)
First table calculates Fpv,

then we must correct
for temperature
Input:
Pf (psig)
s.g.
Each heading is
inclusive to next higher
heading. Do not
interpolate
Fpv = 1.032 psig
Tf = 85 degF
Fpv = 1.027
Fpv Supercompressibility Factor Chart
The chart is normally only used if we are outside the range of the tables.
To use:
1. Left Hand Chart bottom axis - Flowing Temperature go
vertically upwards
2. Intersect with specific gravity line and go horizontally into Right
Hand Chart
3. Intersection of this line with Separator Pressure (psig) from
bottom axis gives Fpv @ 60 degF
Fpv Supercompressibility Factor Chart
Example:
Pf = 250 psig
Tf = 85 degF
85 degF 250 psig
Sg = 0.715
250
12972.9
C = Fu.Fb.Fg.Y2.Ftf.Fpv
= 24 x 455.03 x 1.1826 x 1.0013 x 0.9768 x 1.0270
= 12972.9
250
12972.9 1.64
Qgas = C.(hw.Pf)1/2
= 12972.9 x 126.10
= 1635882.7 SCFD
= 1.64 MMSCFD
250
12972.9 1.64 17.0
Cumul.= 1.6359 /1440 x 15

= 0.0170 MMSCF
= 17.0 MSCF
The remaining lines can then be completed in

the same way.
250

the same way.
250

the same way.
250

the same way.
250

the same way.
250

the same way.
250
1 . 0020
1 . 0020
72 Feet - A-Limestone
150 5190 5262 Feet

Remaining Calculations Well Testing Data
Sheet
Oil and Gas calculations have been completed. Now we must

calculate:
Gas Oil Ratio
SCFD
Qgas
GOR
Units: scf/bbl Qoil BOPD
No decimal places
Vwater Vs WaterCut 1 SHR f

Water Rate:
Qwater VWater 1440 / Interval
Units: BWPD
Calculation takes account of meter factor and
shrinkage
WaterCut = BSW - Sediment
Well Testing Data Sheet
Water Rate and GOR are added to the Well Testing Data
sheets.
These also summarize the well test readings and
calculations. Includes:
BSW, H2S, CO2
Wellhead and Separator, Temperature and Pressure
Oil and Gas Rates and Gravities
Main events always with data from the well test
THE END

Pre-School Oil & Gas Calcs

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SURFACE TESTING

TEP1 ELC, Melun

V = Volume of liquid recorded by oil meter

Also, observe how the handwritten reading sheets are

SHR then has to be corrected from

Values already marked

Case #1 Shrinkage Tester used

Temp = Temperature at SHRINKAGE

SG from Left Axis

To find SG@60 degF either:

SHRT from Top Axis

Line to Right Axis to read K

Cumulative = 18.78 + 1714/1440 x 15

f is measured before the job starts

K factor = 1 as KATZ table gives

Again, we calculate gravity at 60 degF using

Draw SG line on chart

(1-SHR) @ 60 degF = 0.856

The last line can then be completed in the

This meter factor takes account of meter factor, f and

Correct for BSW as before, in this case there is no

Values already marked on the sheet come from the

Shrinkage Temperature = Tank Temperature when final reading is taken

Again, we calculate gravity at 60 degF using

And we calculate the Shrinkage Temperature

hw = Differential Pressure (in. of H20)

Values already marked on the

The output units of

Number of decimal places for Gas Rates depends

Start the calculations. 250

Daniel Line Bore: ID

Orifice Diameter (in)

Fg corrects the gas flow equation for

Y2 takes into account the change in specific gravity of

Chart (very user unfriendly!)

Into the table we input:

Dont try to interpolate the

Draw a line between Pf and hw using the parabolic axis.

There is a choice of scales so you must be consistent. i.e. if

Where this line intersects the horizontal axis, draw a line

Or can be taken from the

Can be calculated from either:

Second table corrects this

First table calculates Fpv,

1. Left Hand Chart bottom axis - Flowing Temperature go

12972.9 1.64 17.0

Cumul.= 1.6359 /1440 x 15

The remaining lines can then be completed in

The remaining lines can then be completed in

The remaining lines can then be completed in

The remaining lines can then be completed in

The remaining lines can then be completed in

The remaining lines can then be completed in

150 5190 5262 Feet

Oil and Gas calculations have been completed. Now we must

Vwater Vs WaterCut 1 SHR f

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