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ABB Group - 1 -
15-Sep-17
ABB Group - 2 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Line protection
Electrical faults in the power system
100%
ABB Group - 3 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Fault types
Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
lightnings are the most common reason
can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines etc.
will disappear after a short dead interval
Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down
can be a tree falling on a line
ABB Group - 4 -
Z<
~ L1- ~
N
ABB Group - 5 -
L2-
15-Sep-17
N
ABB Group - 6 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Line protection
MAIN REQUIREMENTS ON LINE
PROTECTION ARE:
SPEED
SENSITIVITY
SELECTIVITY
DEPENDABILITY
SECURITY
ABB Group - 7 -
15-Sep-17
ABB Group - 8 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Line protection
Measuring principles
Overcurrent protection
Differential protection
Phase comparison
Distance protection
Directional- wave protection
ABB Group - 9 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Overcurrent protection
Are normaly used in radial networks with system
voltage below 70 kV where relatively long
operating time is acceptable.
On transmission lines directional or undirectional
overcurrent relays are used as back-up
protections.
I>
ABB Group - 10 -
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEPENDENT TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS
100.0
Operate Time [s]
1.0
Extremely Inverse Very Inverse
0.1
1 10 100
Current (multiple of setting)
ABB Group - 11 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Two or Three Phase Overcurrent Relays
Reverse
operation
0.6x 3I0D
Upol
3I0D Forward -3U0
operation
3I0 >
= the characteristic angle of zero
ABB Group - 14 -
DL1
DL1
Digital communication with
DL2
optical fibres or by DL2
multiplexed channels
DL3 DL3
ABB Group - 17 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Phase comparison
load Phase comparison relays
I1 I2
compare the angle
difference between the two
> >
currents at both ends of
the line.
I1 I2 The measured time for
zero crossing is
transmitted to the other
e end.
1
e
Normally a start criteria is
2 added to the phase angle
I2
ABB Group - 18 -
e1 e func- I1
requirement.
- 2 tion
15-Sep-17
I2
Line protection
The principle of distance protection
ZK=Uk/
Ik
Uk Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk B
A
Ik
ABB Group - 19 -
Z<
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Fault resistance
L3 L1
multi-phase faults
L1 L2
consist only of arc resistance
L2 L3
earth faults
consist of arc and tower
footing resistance
Warringtons
formula
L= length of arc in
28707 x L meters
ABB Group - 20 -
Rarc = 1.4
I Footing resistance
I= the actual fault current in
15-Sep-17
A
Line protection
The principle of distance protection
Power lines have impedances of size 0,3- 0,4 ohm/
km and normal angles of 80 - 85 degrees in a 50Hz
systems.
A B
ZL=R+jX
Z< Z<
VTsec x CTprim x
Zsec= Zprim
VTprim CTsec
15-Sep-17
Line protection
The principle of distance protection
Reach setting of zones
R/ X Relation
GFC (General Fault Criterion)
GFC
ZL ZL
Zb
ABB Group - 22 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
The principle of distance protection
t
t3
t2
t1
l
A B C
f f f
1 2 3
t1
l
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Requirements on Distance relay Zones
Zone-1
Must not overreach
Zone-2
Must overreach
Must co-ordinate with next section
Provides back-up for the next busbar
Provides back-up for the first part of next line
Zone-3
Can provide back-up for next line
Can provide back-up for next busbar
In feed of fault current at the remote busbar affects the effective
ABB Group - 24 -
Zs XL
IL1 RL
UL1 IL
UL2 2
IL3
UL3
location
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measuring loop for two- phase faults
Zs XL
IL1 RL
UL1-L2 IL2
location
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measuring loop for earth faults
The distance protection relays are always set based on
the phase impedance to the fault
Zs RL XL
IL1
UL1
IN RN XN
0.0 XS/XM
0.2 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50.0
Three phase fault minimum operate time
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Distance protection with mho
characteristic can not see an
average fault resistance
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 30 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Distance protection with mho
characteristic can not see
average fault resistance
Cross polarization has no
significant effect
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 31 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Quadrilateral characteristic
improves sensitivity for higher
RF/XF ratio
It still has some limitations:
the value of set RF/XF ratio is
limited to 5
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 32 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX Overreaching permissive
schemes increase the
sensitivity
Weak infeed logic for very
high fault resistance
Independent underreaching
zone 1 gives additional
advantage
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 33 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
jX Distance protection on long lines
Load impedance limits the reach
in resistive direction
High value of RF/XF ratio is
generally not necessary
Circular (mho) characteristic
Has no strictly defined reach
in resistive direction
Needs limitations in resistive
direction (blinder)
R
ABB Group - 34 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication equipment
Power line carrier (PLC) equipment is based on a
capacitive connection of signals with frequency in
range 50- 500 kHz on the power line.
Radio link is a good and reliable communication
equiment, but is rarely used due to the high cost.
Optical fibres have the advantage to be insensitive
to noise and can transmit a huge amount of
information.
ABB Group - 35 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Permissive communication schemes
Communication signal carrier send (CS) is sent to remote end when
the fault is detected in forward direction. Tripping is achieved when
the commmunication signal carrier receive (CR) is received and the
local relay has detected a forward fault.
In a permissive underreaching scheme the communication signal is
sent from a zone that underreaches the remote end.
In a permissive overreaching scheme the communication signal is
sent from a zone that overreaches the remote end.
A B
Z< Z<
ABB Group - 36 -
A B
Z< Z<
A ZL If B If
1 2
If If=If1+If2+If
Um ZF
3 3
Z<
ABB Group - 41 -
I1 I Load
I2
U1 U2
UF RF
UF = RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF1=
ABB Group - 42 -
I1
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measuring error at high resistive earth fault on
a line with double end infeed
X
Rf Load import
ZL
Rf Load export
R
ABB Group - 43 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Zero- sequence mutual coupling on parallel
lines
ZL
~ ZOM ~
ZL
~ ~
ABB Group - 44 -
overreaching underreaching
Line protection
Parallel line out of service and earthed at
both ends
= - 0.23 ZL
ABB Group - 45 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Parallel line in Service
D
KOM
ZL
Z = 1 + KO
= 0.38 ZL
ABB Group - 46 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance relay settings for parallel lines
logic.
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Power Swing Blocking function
X
Power swing
locus
t = 40 ms
ABB Group - 49 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Stub protection function It is not possible for the
distance protection relay to
Bus A measure impedance when the
+ >Z
line disconnector is open. Not
to risk incorrect operation the
distance protection must be
blocked and a Stub protection
is released.
The Stub protection is a simple
current relay.
25ms
line disc
open & trip
2 2
risking to tripping the healthy line.
Line protection
Simultaneous faults
ABB Group - 52 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Weak end infeed
Weak end infeed is a condition which can occur on a transmission line,
either when the circuit breaker is open, so there is no current infeed
from that line end, or when the current infeed is low due to weak
generation behind the protection.
CR CS
Z< (echo) Z<
t3 CS CR
t2
t1
CS = ZM2 l
CS (echo)=CR x low voltage x no start forward or
ABB Group - 53 -
reverse
15-Sep-17
100% F1
gape flashed
B
Consideration for line
A
distance protections
R
Correct direction
discrim-ination at voltage
70% gape not flashed reversal (negative fault
reactance)
variation in resulted line
ABB Group - 54 -
impedance
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Directional wave protection
The basic principle of directional wave protection is to observe the
polarities of the instantaneous change in voltage and current. Here by
one can determine the direction of a fault with respect to the location
of the measurement.
Tripping is achieved when both protections detects a fault in forward
direction.
I U Trip
A B + + 0
~ ~ - - 0
F
- + 1
ABB Group - 55 -
+ - 1
15-Sep-17
CBIP manual on Protection
of Generators, generator Line Protection
transformers and 220kV
and 400 kV networks
ABB Group - 56 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
1.1 400 kV Lines
If Main-I and Main-II are both distance protection schemes, then they
should be preferably of different types. They need not necessarily of
different make. Both should be suitable for single and three phase tripping
ABB Group - 57 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
In addition to above, following shall also be provided
ii) Auto reclose relay suitable for 1 ph / 3 ph (with deadline charging and
synchro check facility) reclosure.
Main protection should be suitable for single and three phase tripping.
(i) If found necessary, at certain locations, out of step tripping relays shall be
provided for islanding the system during disturbances.
(ii) For short line application distance relays should have shaped characteristics
for ground faults and be used in permissive over reach mode with weak end
infeed logic. Further, if it is a double circuit line, current reversal should
also be available.
(iii) O/V relay for 400 kV lines shall be connected to trip concerned line breaker,
start LBB, block auto reclosure and send direct trip command.
ABB Group - 60 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
(iv) The directional earth fault relay recommended along with the distance relay
should be seen as a supplement to it and not as a back up. It helps to detect
very high resistance fault which distance relay cannot.
(v) HVDC Systems connected to AC networks with low short circuit levels can
influence AC line protections in its vicinity. This aspect needs to be looked
into on case to case basis.
ABB Group - 61 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
3.0 SETTING CRITERIA
3.3.1
Low set voltage may be set at 110% with a typical time delay of 5
seconds.
3.3.2
High set stage may be set at 150% with a time delay of 100 m second.
ABB Group - 65 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
3.4 Power Swing Blocking Function Associated with Distance Relays
used as Main2
Line protection
Lines and Cables
For details concerning protection of complex
transmission lines reference may be made to
CIGRE WG 34.04 report titled Application guide on
protection of complex transmission network
configurations.
Use of correct line parameters is important for
proper setting of protective relays. Calculated
values of overhead line electrical parameters ought
be verified by field-testing and this information then
be used for relay setting.
ABB Group - 71 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
Setting guidelines are given for double circuit lines.
These shall be followed. Detailed explanations of
these can be found in the CIGRE document
mentioned above.
Section 5.6 gives how distance relay is applied as
circuit local back-up, remote back-up, substation
local back-up. Guidelines given here for setting the
relays shall be followed. This section also gives
some guidelines for setting of over current and
ground over current relays. These too should be
ABB Group - 72 -
considered
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
It is desirable that system studies are conducted
using computer-aided tools to assess the security
of protection by finding out trajectory of impedance
in various zones of distance relay under abnormal
or emergency system condition on case-to-case
basis. When transmission circuits are provided with
duplicate main protection there may be a case for
not applying Zone-3 remote back-up protection for
reasons of security. Such cases may emerge from
such studies
ABB Group - 73 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
The potential loss of system generation or the
potential challenges to nuclear plant safety systems
may be factors which will dictate the longest
acceptable clearance times for transmission circuit
faults in the vicinity of a power station. This should
be kept in mind while designing protection system
close to these locations.
ABB Group - 74 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
Provision of independent Main1 and Main2 protection
is important to ensure clearance of all faults in the
shortest possible time. As per the current practice this
is followed for all lines at 765kV, 400kV level and in
some cases for lines at 220 kV level. No change is
proposed in this practice. . Reference may be made
to CBIP Manual No. 274 Protection of Generators,
Transformers and 220kV and 400kV Networks,
which gives details of current practices being
followed.
ABB Group - 75 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
With growing interconnections fast fault clearance in
220 kV lines is becoming important to avoid grid
disturbances. Therefore it is recommended that for
all 220kV lines too Main 1 and Main 2 protections be
provided.
For 132 kV lines it is felt that provision of one Main
protection and directional over current and earth fault
protection as back-up protection is adequate.
However if in any given part of the 132kV network,
failure of fault clearance by primary protection is
going to create wide spread disturbance and
consequences of such disturbances are too costly,
ABB Group - 76 -
lines.
15-Sep-17
ABB Group - 89 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection