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Protection Application Line Protection

Handbook
ABB Group - 1 -
15-Sep-17
ABB Group - 2 -
15-Sep-17

Line protection
Line protection
Electrical faults in the power system

Transmission lines 85%


Busbar 12%
Transformer/ Generator 3%

100%
ABB Group - 3 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Fault types
Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
lightnings are the most common reason
can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines etc.
will disappear after a short dead interval

Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down
can be a tree falling on a line
ABB Group - 4 -

must be located and repaired before normal service


15-Sep-17
Line protection
Fault types on double circuit lines
Simultaneous and Interline faults
L3 L1
On parallel line applications a problem
can occur with simultaneous faults. L1 L2
A full scheme relay is superior when the
L2 L3
protection is measuring two different fault
types at the same time.

Z<
~ L1- ~
N
ABB Group - 5 -

L2-
15-Sep-17

N
ABB Group - 6 -
15-Sep-17

Line protection
Line protection
MAIN REQUIREMENTS ON LINE
PROTECTION ARE:

SPEED
SENSITIVITY
SELECTIVITY
DEPENDABILITY
SECURITY
ABB Group - 7 -
15-Sep-17
ABB Group - 8 -
15-Sep-17

Line protection
Line protection
Measuring principles

Overcurrent protection

Differential protection

Phase comparison
Distance protection
Directional- wave protection
ABB Group - 9 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Overcurrent protection
Are normaly used in radial networks with system
voltage below 70 kV where relatively long
operating time is acceptable.
On transmission lines directional or undirectional
overcurrent relays are used as back-up
protections.

I>
ABB Group - 10 -

I> I> I>


block
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Dependent Time Overcurrent Relays

CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEPENDENT TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS

100.0
Operate Time [s]

Long Time Inverse


10.0
Normal Inverse

1.0
Extremely Inverse Very Inverse

0.1
1 10 100
Current (multiple of setting)
ABB Group - 11 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Two or Three Phase Overcurrent Relays

Two phase overcurrent relays and one residual


overcurrent relay give complete protection on power
lines and cables
A third phase relay provides back-up protection
In case of a D/Y-connected transformer, the fault current
in one phase may be twice that in the other two phases
and it may be necessary to provide three phase
overcurrent relays
ABB Group - 12 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Directional Overcurrent Relays
Relays on radial lines do not need directional element

Directional elements are useful on parallel lines, on


looped lines, and in meshed networks
ABB Group - 13 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Directional Residual Overcurrent Relays

Reverse
operation

0.6x 3I0D


Upol
3I0D Forward -3U0
operation
3I0 >
= the characteristic angle of zero
ABB Group - 14 -

sequence source impedance


15-Sep-17
Line protection
Directional Residual Overcurrent Relays

Residual voltage polarization requires a sensitive


directional element
Third harmonics in voltage must not cause incorrect
operation of the directional element
ABB Group - 15 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Pilot wire differential protection

Pilot wires can be in soil or on towers.


The resistance in the wires will limit the use on longer
lines. The use is mostly restricted to distances up to 10
km.
ABB Group - 16 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Digital differential communication
L1
L2
L3

DL1
DL1
Digital communication with
DL2
optical fibres or by DL2
multiplexed channels
DL3 DL3
ABB Group - 17 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Phase comparison
load Phase comparison relays
I1 I2
compare the angle
difference between the two
> >
currents at both ends of
the line.
I1 I2 The measured time for
zero crossing is
transmitted to the other
e end.
1
e
Normally a start criteria is
2 added to the phase angle
I2
ABB Group - 18 -

e1 e func- I1
requirement.
- 2 tion
15-Sep-17

I2
Line protection
The principle of distance protection

ZK=Uk/
Ik

Uk Uk=0
metallic fault

Zk B
A
Ik
ABB Group - 19 -

Z<
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Fault resistance
L3 L1
multi-phase faults
L1 L2
consist only of arc resistance
L2 L3
earth faults
consist of arc and tower
footing resistance
Warringtons
formula
L= length of arc in
28707 x L meters
ABB Group - 20 -

Rarc = 1.4
I Footing resistance
I= the actual fault current in
15-Sep-17

A
Line protection
The principle of distance protection
Power lines have impedances of size 0,3- 0,4 ohm/
km and normal angles of 80 - 85 degrees in a 50Hz
systems.
A B
ZL=R+jX

Z< Z<

The line impedance must be converted to secondary


values with the formula:
ABB Group - 21 -

VTsec x CTprim x
Zsec= Zprim
VTprim CTsec
15-Sep-17
Line protection
The principle of distance protection
Reach setting of zones
R/ X Relation
GFC (General Fault Criterion)
GFC

ZL ZL

Zb
ABB Group - 22 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
The principle of distance protection
t
t3
t2
t1
l
A B C

f f f
1 2 3

Z< Z< Z< Z<


t
t3
t2
ABB Group - 23 -

t1
l
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Requirements on Distance relay Zones
Zone-1
Must not overreach
Zone-2
Must overreach
Must co-ordinate with next section
Provides back-up for the next busbar
Provides back-up for the first part of next line
Zone-3
Can provide back-up for next line
Can provide back-up for next busbar
In feed of fault current at the remote busbar affects the effective
ABB Group - 24 -

reach of the overreaching zones


15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measuring loop for three- phase faults

The distance protection relays are always set


based on the phase impedance to the fault

Zs XL
IL1 RL
UL1 IL
UL2 2
IL3
UL3

The measured impedance is equal to the


positive sequence impedance up to the fault
ABB Group - 25 -

location
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measuring loop for two- phase faults

The distance protection relays are always set based on


the phase impedance to the fault

Zs XL
IL1 RL
UL1-L2 IL2

The measured impedance is equal to the


positive sequence impedance up to the fault
ABB Group - 26 -

location
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measuring loop for earth faults
The distance protection relays are always set based on
the phase impedance to the fault

Zs RL XL
IL1
UL1

IN RN XN

The measured Impedance is a function of


positive and zero sequence impedance
ABB Group - 27 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measurement Loops
Fault Voltage Current
R-Earth VR IR + Kn 3I0
S-Earth VS IS + Kn 3I0
T-Earth VT IT + Kn 3I0
R-S VR - VS IR - IS
S-T VS - VT IS - IT
T-R V T - VR IT - IR
R-S-T Any phase-earth voltage Corresponding phase current
any phase-phase voltage Corresponding phase-phase current
R - S - T - Earth Any phase-earth voltage Corresponding phase current
any phase-phase voltage Corresponding phase-phase current
ABB Group - 28 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
XL/XM
1.0
0.9
Isochrone Diagrams
0,8
40 ms
0.7
30 ms
25 ms 35 ms Published isochrone diagrams
0.6
0.5 with maximum and minimum
0.4
0.3
20 ms
operate times, measured under
0.2
0.1 different system conditions for
0.0 XS/XM
0.2 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50.0 different fault locations
Three phase fault maximum operate time
XL/XM
1.0
0.9
0,8
25 ms 30 ms
0.7
20 ms
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
15 ms
0.1
ABB Group - 29 -

0.0 XS/XM
0.2 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50.0
Three phase fault minimum operate time
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Distance protection with mho
characteristic can not see an
average fault resistance

RF

XF R
ABB Group - 30 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Distance protection with mho
characteristic can not see
average fault resistance
Cross polarization has no
significant effect

RF

XF R
ABB Group - 31 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Quadrilateral characteristic
improves sensitivity for higher
RF/XF ratio
It still has some limitations:
the value of set RF/XF ratio is
limited to 5

RF

XF R
ABB Group - 32 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX Overreaching permissive
schemes increase the
sensitivity
Weak infeed logic for very
high fault resistance
Independent underreaching
zone 1 gives additional
advantage
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 33 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
jX Distance protection on long lines
Load impedance limits the reach
in resistive direction
High value of RF/XF ratio is
generally not necessary
Circular (mho) characteristic
Has no strictly defined reach
in resistive direction
Needs limitations in resistive
direction (blinder)

R
ABB Group - 34 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication equipment
Power line carrier (PLC) equipment is based on a
capacitive connection of signals with frequency in
range 50- 500 kHz on the power line.
Radio link is a good and reliable communication
equiment, but is rarely used due to the high cost.
Optical fibres have the advantage to be insensitive
to noise and can transmit a huge amount of
information.
ABB Group - 35 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Permissive communication schemes
Communication signal carrier send (CS) is sent to remote end when
the fault is detected in forward direction. Tripping is achieved when
the commmunication signal carrier receive (CR) is received and the
local relay has detected a forward fault.
In a permissive underreaching scheme the communication signal is
sent from a zone that underreaches the remote end.
In a permissive overreaching scheme the communication signal is
sent from a zone that overreaches the remote end.
A B

Z< Z<
ABB Group - 36 -

Carrier send CS = Z< forward, under or


overreach
15-Sep-17

Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 (t2 + CR) + ZM3 x t3


Line protection
Permissive Underreach Distance Protection
ABB Group - 37 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Permissive Overreach Distance Protection
ABB Group - 38 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Blocking communication schemes
Communication signal (CS) is sent to remote end when the fault
is detected in the reverse direction. Tripping is achieved when
this blocking signal is not received within a time T0 (20-40 ms)
and the local relay has detected a fault in the forward direction.

A B

Z< Z<

Carrier send CS = Z< reverse zone


ABB Group - 39 -

Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 (t2 + CR x T0) + ZM3 x t3


15-Sep-17
Line protection
Blocking Overreach Distance Protection
ABB Group - 40 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Remote faults
Due to current contribution If2 and If3 in substation B, the
distance protection in station A will measure a higher
impedance than the "true" impedance to the fault.
The relay will thus underreach and this means in practice it
can be diffcult to get a remote back-up.

A ZL If B If
1 2
If If=If1+If2+If
Um ZF
3 3

Z<
ABB Group - 41 -

Um= If1 x ZL+ (If1+If2+If3) x ZF


15-Sep-17
Line protection
Double end infeed

I1 I Load
I2

U1 U2
UF RF

UF = RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF1=
ABB Group - 42 -

I1
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Measuring error at high resistive earth fault on
a line with double end infeed
X

Rf Load import

ZL
Rf Load export

R
ABB Group - 43 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Zero- sequence mutual coupling on parallel
lines
ZL

~ ZOM ~
ZL

~ ~
ABB Group - 44 -

ZA< ZA< ZB< ZB<


15-Sep-17

overreaching underreaching
Line protection
Parallel line out of service and earthed at
both ends

KOM ZOM / ZOL


Z = - ZL
1 + KO

= - 0.23 ZL
ABB Group - 45 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Parallel line in Service

D
KOM
ZL
Z = 1 + KO
= 0.38 ZL
ABB Group - 46 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Distance relay settings for parallel lines

The influence of zero sequence coupling can be


compensated in two different ways

Different K factor for different Zones within same group setting


parameters
Different groups of setting parameters for different operating
conditions
ABB Group - 47 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
When energizing a power line onto a forgotten earthing
no measuring voltage will be available and the
directional measuring can thus not operate correctly.
A special SOTF function is thus provided. Different principles
can be used, from one phase current to undirectional impedance
measuring.

SOTF conditon can either


be taken from the manual
closing signal activating the
U=0 (BC) input or it can be
Z< V detected internaly by a
ABB Group - 48 -

logic.
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Power Swing Blocking function
X

Power swing
locus

t = 40 ms
ABB Group - 49 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Stub protection function It is not possible for the
distance protection relay to
Bus A measure impedance when the
+ >Z
line disconnector is open. Not
to risk incorrect operation the
distance protection must be
blocked and a Stub protection
is released.
The Stub protection is a simple
current relay.

25ms
line disc
open & trip

Bus B I STUB >


ABB Group - 50 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Permissive overreaching
Current reversal logic schemes can trip healthy line
without C.R.L
1 Fault occurs on line 1
Fault detection by protection A:1 B:1 and A:2

A: B: 2 Relay B:1 trips CB and sends carrier to A:1


~ 1 1 ~
Relay A:2 sees fault in forward direction and
sends carrier to B:2
A: B: 3 Fault cleared at B:1, current direction changed
2 2 on line 2
4 Carrier from A:2 and forward looking measuring
element in relay A:2 does not reset before relay
B:2 detects the fault in forward direction and
A: B: trips, also relay A:1 will trip when receiving carrier
~ 1 1 ~
from B:1
C.R.L allows slowly resetting
ABB Group - 51 -

A: B: communication equipment without


15-Sep-17

2 2
risking to tripping the healthy line.
Line protection
Simultaneous faults
ABB Group - 52 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Weak end infeed
Weak end infeed is a condition which can occur on a transmission line,
either when the circuit breaker is open, so there is no current infeed
from that line end, or when the current infeed is low due to weak
generation behind the protection.

CR CS
Z< (echo) Z<
t3 CS CR
t2
t1
CS = ZM2 l
CS (echo)=CR x low voltage x no start forward or
ABB Group - 53 -

reverse
15-Sep-17

TRIP = ZM1 + ZM2(CR + t2)


Line protection
Series compensated
system
jX B A XC =70% B
Xl =100%

100% F1
gape flashed

B
Consideration for line
A
distance protections
R
Correct direction
discrim-ination at voltage
70% gape not flashed reversal (negative fault
reactance)
variation in resulted line
ABB Group - 54 -

impedance
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Directional wave protection
The basic principle of directional wave protection is to observe the
polarities of the instantaneous change in voltage and current. Here by
one can determine the direction of a fault with respect to the location
of the measurement.
Tripping is achieved when both protections detects a fault in forward
direction.

I U Trip
A B + + 0
~ ~ - - 0
F
- + 1
ABB Group - 55 -

+ - 1
15-Sep-17
CBIP manual on Protection
of Generators, generator Line Protection
transformers and 220kV
and 400 kV networks
ABB Group - 56 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
1.1 400 kV Lines

There should be two independent high speed main protection schemes


called Main-I and Main-II with at least one of them being carrier aided
non-switched three zone distance protection.

The other protection may be a phase segregated current differential


(this may require digital communication) phase comparison, directional
comparison type or a carrier aided non-switched distance protection.

If Main-I and Main-II are both distance protection schemes, then they
should be preferably of different types. They need not necessarily of
different make. Both should be suitable for single and three phase tripping
ABB Group - 57 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
In addition to above, following shall also be provided

i) Two stage over-voltage protection. However in such cases where


system has grown sufficiently or in case of short lines, utilities on their
discretion may decide not to provide this protection.

ii) Auto reclose relay suitable for 1 ph / 3 ph (with deadline charging and
synchro check facility) reclosure.

iii) Sensitive IDMT directional E/F relay


ABB Group - 58 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
1.2 220 kV Lines

There should be at least one carrier aided non-switched three zone


distance protection scheme.

In addition to this another non-switched / switched distance scheme


or directional over current and earth fault relays should be provided
as back up.

Main protection should be suitable for single and three phase tripping.

Auto-reclose relay suitable for 1 ph / 3 ph reclosure shall be provided.

In case of both line protections being Distance Protections, IDMT type


E / F relay shall also be provided additionally.
ABB Group - 59 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
2.0 SPECIAL COMMENTS

(i) If found necessary, at certain locations, out of step tripping relays shall be
provided for islanding the system during disturbances.

(ii) For short line application distance relays should have shaped characteristics
for ground faults and be used in permissive over reach mode with weak end
infeed logic. Further, if it is a double circuit line, current reversal should
also be available.

(iii) O/V relay for 400 kV lines shall be connected to trip concerned line breaker,
start LBB, block auto reclosure and send direct trip command.
ABB Group - 60 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
(iv) The directional earth fault relay recommended along with the distance relay
should be seen as a supplement to it and not as a back up. It helps to detect
very high resistance fault which distance relay cannot.

(v) HVDC Systems connected to AC networks with low short circuit levels can
influence AC line protections in its vicinity. This aspect needs to be looked
into on case to case basis.
ABB Group - 61 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
3.0 SETTING CRITERIA

3.1 Reach settings of distance protection

(i) Zone-I: to be set to cover 80-85% of protected line length

(ii) Zone II: to be set to cover minimum 120% of length of principle


line section. However, in case of D/C lines 150% coverage must be
provided to take care of, under reaching due to mutual coupling effect
but, care is to be taken that it does not reach into next lower voltage
level.
ABB Group - 62 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
(iii) Zone-III:

For 400kV lines Zone-III to be set to cover 120% of principle section


plus adjacent longest section subject to a reach restriction so that it
does not reach into next lower voltage level.

For 220 kV lines, Zone-III reach may be provided to cover adjacent


longest section if there is no provision of LBB or all protection are
connected to single DC source at remote end substation.

(iv) Resistive reach should be set to give maximum coverage subject to


check of possibility against load point encroachment considering
minimum expected voltage and maximum load. Attention has to be
given to any limitations indicated by manufacturer in respect of
resistive setting vis-a-vis reactance setting.
ABB Group - 63 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
3.2 Time setting of distance protection

A Zone-II timing of 0.3 second is recommended. If a long line is follow-


ed by a short line, then a higher setting may be adopted on long line to
avoid indiscriminate tripping through Zone-II operation on both lines.

Zone-III timer should be set so as to provide discrimination with the


operating time of relays provided in subsequent sections with which Zone-
III reach of relay being set overlaps.
ABB Group - 64 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
3.3 O / V Protection

3.3.1
Low set voltage may be set at 110% with a typical time delay of 5
seconds.

A time grading of 1 second may be provided between relays of


different lines at a station.

Longest time delay should be checked with expected operating time


of overfluxing relay of the transformer to ensure disconnection of
line before tripping of transformer.

3.3.2

High set stage may be set at 150% with a time delay of 100 m second.
ABB Group - 65 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
3.4 Power Swing Blocking Function Associated with Distance Relays

Decisions pertaining to allowing which Zone to trip and which to block


should be taken based on system studies on case to case basis.
ABB Group - 66 -
15-Sep-17
CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Back- Lines and Cables
UP Protection for EHV
and UHV Transmission
Network
ABB Group - 67 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
Transmission line protection is the most complex of
all the protections in terms of the challenges it
poses. In the above paragraphs many of these
aspects connected with line and cable protection
and some recommendations have been brought out
and these should be considered. Few of these are
brought out below.
ABB Group - 68 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
Section 5.5 gives details of main attributes and
limitations of various main protections. When
applying any of the main protections these should
be fully examined and understood.
The decision to provide Main-2 protection and
effective back-up protection should not be merely
based on voltage level but on how important the
circuit is .The costs of reduced supply capacity or
total loss of supply must be considered in relation to
the cost of providing effective protective system
ABB Group - 69 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
Directional ground protection should be applied as
main protection for high resistance faults wherever
it is felt that Main protections applied do not cover
the high resistance faults adequately.
When unit protections are used, Phase-segregated
unit protection based on current measurement is
the best option, when it is economically and
technically feasible
Cables do not withstand fault currents for long
periods of time. Unit protection should be used as
ABB Group - 70 -

main protection and distance protection shall be


15-Sep-17

used as Main2
Line protection
Lines and Cables
For details concerning protection of complex
transmission lines reference may be made to
CIGRE WG 34.04 report titled Application guide on
protection of complex transmission network
configurations.
Use of correct line parameters is important for
proper setting of protective relays. Calculated
values of overhead line electrical parameters ought
be verified by field-testing and this information then
be used for relay setting.
ABB Group - 71 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
Setting guidelines are given for double circuit lines.
These shall be followed. Detailed explanations of
these can be found in the CIGRE document
mentioned above.
Section 5.6 gives how distance relay is applied as
circuit local back-up, remote back-up, substation
local back-up. Guidelines given here for setting the
relays shall be followed. This section also gives
some guidelines for setting of over current and
ground over current relays. These too should be
ABB Group - 72 -

considered
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
It is desirable that system studies are conducted
using computer-aided tools to assess the security
of protection by finding out trajectory of impedance
in various zones of distance relay under abnormal
or emergency system condition on case-to-case
basis. When transmission circuits are provided with
duplicate main protection there may be a case for
not applying Zone-3 remote back-up protection for
reasons of security. Such cases may emerge from
such studies
ABB Group - 73 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
The potential loss of system generation or the
potential challenges to nuclear plant safety systems
may be factors which will dictate the longest
acceptable clearance times for transmission circuit
faults in the vicinity of a power station. This should
be kept in mind while designing protection system
close to these locations.
ABB Group - 74 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
Provision of independent Main1 and Main2 protection
is important to ensure clearance of all faults in the
shortest possible time. As per the current practice this
is followed for all lines at 765kV, 400kV level and in
some cases for lines at 220 kV level. No change is
proposed in this practice. . Reference may be made
to CBIP Manual No. 274 Protection of Generators,
Transformers and 220kV and 400kV Networks,
which gives details of current practices being
followed.
ABB Group - 75 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
With growing interconnections fast fault clearance in
220 kV lines is becoming important to avoid grid
disturbances. Therefore it is recommended that for
all 220kV lines too Main 1 and Main 2 protections be
provided.
For 132 kV lines it is felt that provision of one Main
protection and directional over current and earth fault
protection as back-up protection is adequate.
However if in any given part of the 132kV network,
failure of fault clearance by primary protection is
going to create wide spread disturbance and
consequences of such disturbances are too costly,
ABB Group - 76 -

provision of Main 2 protection should be considered


here too
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
If only one main protection is used, the back-up
protection should be provided in a separate hard
ware unit.
Distance relays have inherent features for
providing back-up protection. When a distance
protection is provided as Main protection the Zone
2 element of the distance relay provides circuit
local back-up, the Zone-3 element provides remote
back-up and reverse reach element of Zone 4
provides substation local back-up
ABB Group - 77 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
In case a line differential/phase comparison/directional
comparison protection is used they do not have
inherent features to provide back-up protection.
Therefore it is recommended that they should
preferably be provided with additional elements that
can provide back-up protection. Usually these features
are achieved by supplementing the unit protections
with additional impedance elements.
ABB Group - 78 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Lines and Cables
It is felt that for transmission overhead line a non
segregated type phase comparison protection may
not provide the correct practical solution to
protection problem due to several technical reasons.
Though segregated type phase comparison
protection overcomes these limitations, the overall
cost may be too high
ABB Group - 79 -
15-Sep-17
CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Back- Communication
UP Protection for EHV Systems
and UHV Transmission
Network
ABB Group - 80 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Physical Links

Pilot wire links


Power line carrier links
Radio links
Fibre optic links
ABB Group - 81 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication Systems
Security of a teleprotection system can go down if
the communication channel is not of high security. In
most cases power line carrier (PLC) is widely used.
As brought out earlier Fiber optic is superior to PLC
and is quite versatile. Therefore it is recommended
that wherever possible Main-I protection should be
equipped with the best of teleprotection equipment,
for example Fiber Optic communication using OPGW
ABB Group - 82 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication Systems
Especially for lines and cables it is also very
important that Main-I protection and Main-2
protections cover part of the protected equipment
zone, independent of the communication channel, to
provide fast opening of the local circuit-breaker. Thus
use of a non unit protection like distance relay as
one of the main protection,is a must.This action is
very useful to accomplish system stability, though,
generally, time of clearance will be greater under
some conditions (one end open).
ABB Group - 83 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication Systems
In this chapter some important aspects connected
with the communication system and some
recommendations have been brought out and these
should be considered. Few of these are brought out
below.
It is recommended that redundant channels should
be provided for very important lines at 132 and 220
kV level and for all lines at 400kV and 765 kV
utilizing PLCC channels for teleprotection.
ABB Group - 84 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication Systems
Utilities should measure dependability and security
of each teleprotection equipment and keep a record.
This may be valuable information to monitor the
performance of the telecommunication equipment
and the data can be used in taking decisions
regarding maintenance, retrofitting and
modernization.
ABB Group - 85 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication Systems
While planning a carrier system it is recommended
that, the signal-to-noise ratio ( SNR) is calculated
considering the noise level for the various system
voltages, weather conditions, line attenuation at the
operating carrier frequencies. If the calculated SNR
is not adequate the output power of the carrier set
may have to be increased. For long power lines this
check is particularly important.
ABB Group - 86 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication Systems
In case of short transmission lines, when distance
protections are applied, the permissive overreaching
schemes are advantageous for detection of high
resistance faults and are therefore to be used.

On case-to-case basis, utilities should consider


using echo signals in the protection systems, as, for
example, week end in feed tripping logic
ABB Group - 87 -
15-Sep-17
Line protection
Communication Systems
Inter-phase or phase-to-phase coupling provides
success probability up to 92%. Though the cost of
this is more compared to phase to ground coupling
cost, it is strongly recommended to use this mode
of phase-to-phase coupling or inter circuit coupling
when fault clearance time is critical. Therefore the
following are recommended wherever carrier
protection is used.
Phase -to- phase coupling for 765 kV and
400kV lines.
Phase - to- Phase coupling or inter circuit
coupling for 220 kV and 132 kV
ABB Group - 88 -

lines.
15-Sep-17
ABB Group - 89 -
15-Sep-17

Line protection

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