Introduction to

No more Codes
Key technologies.
For Downlink : OFDM and MIMO

For Uplink : SC - FDMA

Topics to discuss
IMT Advanced Requirements
Support for at least 40 MHz Bandwidth

Peak Spectral Efficiencies :

DL : 15 bits/s/Hz (600 Mbps)
UL : 6.75 bits/s/Hz(270 Mbps)

Control Plane Latency < 100ms

User Plane Latency < 10ms
Releases of 3GPP Specifications

Rel. 8 LTE EPC/SAE

Location Multi-
Rel.9 Services
MBMS Standard BS

Rel.10 LTE - A
Carrier
Aggregation
Relays

Enhanced Intra Band

Rel.11 Carrier
Aggregation
Carrier
Aggregation
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
From 3G to 4G

UTRAN in 3G,
E-UTRAN in 4G

CN in 3G, EPC in
4G

NodeB in 3G,
E-NodeB in 4G

No RNC as in 3G

RNC tasks perform

by eNodeB and
EPC
 LTE/SAE Network
Internet
Architecture
P-GW
HSS
MME S-GW EPC
S5
S6a
MME/S-GW MME/S-GW

S1 S1 S1 S1

X2
E-UTRAN
X2 X2
eNodeB eNodeB

eNodeB
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
eNodeB :

Directly connected to the Core via S1 interface

No RNC as in WCDMA
eNodeBs interconnected via X2 interface
Handovers are handled by eNodeBs it self, communicating via X2
interface
This is an intelligent Node

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Supports only packet switched domain only
Mobility Management Entity (MME) :

Control Plane Node of the EPC

handling connection/release of bearers to a terminal
handling of IDLE to ACTIVE Transition
handling of security keys
 Serving Gateway(S-GW) :

User plane node which connects EPC to E-UTRAN

Acts as a mobility anchor when Terminals move between eNodeBs
Mobility Anchor for other 3GPP technologies (GSM,HSPA)
Collecting information for charging purposes

Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) :

Connects EPC to the Internet
Allocation of the IP address for a specific terminal
QoS handling

Home Subscriber Service (HSS) :

A database containing subscriber information
What is Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ?
OFDM
Why ?
ISI Inter Symbol Interference

Time domain :

Data Rate ISI

Time Spreading (Freq. Selective
Fading)

When an impulse is transmitted , how

does the average power received by Power Delay Profile
Mobile
vary as a function of time delay ?

Freq. Selective Fading : Ts < 0

Non Freq. Selective Fading : Ts > 0

 Power Delay Profile Spaced Freq.
Correlation function

FT

Inside Coherence BW channel passes all freq. components with

equal gain and linear phase
Freq. Selective Fading : W > f0
Non Freq. Selective Fading : W < f0
 Symbol rate not increased in order to achieve high data
rates.
Instead of that Available BW breaks in to many narrower
subcarriers and modulate generated symbols to these
subcarriers.
These subcarriers then combine linearly and transmit
(OFDM symbol).

OFDM Modulation OFDM demodulation

Single carrier transmission Vs OFDM
Transmission

: Single Carrier
1 0 1 Transmission

: OFDM Transmission
0

t
Sub carrier Pulse shape and Spectrum

Subcarrier BW < Coherance BW

Why Orthogonal ?
Two modulated OFDM subcarriers 1 and 2 are mutually
orthogonal over the time interval m t < (m+1)

Subcarriers Orthogonal in the time domain

In OFDM, Subcarriers are overlapped in Frequency

domain while maintaining orthogonality in time domain
Overlapping subcarriers in Freq.
domain

Overlapping Subcarriers Spectral Efficiency

OFDM Symbol
Generated by Multiplexing several overlapping
subcarriers and a Cyclic Prefix (CP).

CP Modulated Subcarriers

Cyclic Prefix added to the beginning of the OFDM

symbol in order to eliminate IBI
At the Receiver CP is removed and only the information
bearing part is further processed .
OFDM as a Multiple Access Scheme
(OFDMA)

OFDMA : In each OFDM symbol interval, Different

subsets of the overall set of available subcarriers are
used for transmission to different terminals.
What is Multiple-Input Multiple-
Output (MIMO) ?

1 1

2 2

Main Transmission Techniques

Spatial Diversity : Signal copies are transmitted at

multiple antennas or received at more than one antenna

1
1
.

2 2

Spatial Multiplexing : Transmit independent and

separately encoded data streams over different antennas
Why MIMO?
Significant increase in Spectral efficiency and data
rates - Spatial Multiplexing
High QoS - Spatial diversity
Wide Coverage - Spatial diversity

SISO Channel Capacity :

= log 2 (1 + )

MIMO Channel Capacity (MIMO system with MN antenna

configuration) :
= ( + )
B : Channel Bandwidth
SINR : Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio
 1
1

2 2

Received signal y at the receiver when signal x is transmitted,

1 11 12 1
2 =
21 22 2
Channel impulse responses ( ) are determined by transmitting
reference signals from each transmitting antenna.
What is Single Carrier FDMA
(SC FDMA)?
SC FDMA (DFTS-OFDM)
Why not Multi Carrier OFDM in Uplink ?
One of the main drawbacks in OFDM : Large instantaneous
power variations in the Transmitting signal
This leads to High Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) in
the Power Amplifier.

Power Amplifier Efficiency

Power Amplifier Cost

Hence Multicarrier OFDM is not a Viable solution for Low

power Mobiles
 In OFDM, each subcarrier carries information relating
to one specific Symbol
In SC-FDMA, each subcarrier contains information of
All Transmitted symbols.
Hence no need of transmitting with High Power. Signal
energy is distributed among sub carriers.
 User Multiplexing in SC-FDMA
Localized Transmission : Distributed Transmission :

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 1 User 2 User 3

LTE Physical Layer

Overall RAN Protocol Architecture

LTE Physical Layer Processing
Available DL BW and Physical Resource Blocks
(PRBs)

Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 2.5 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Subcarrier BW (kHz) 15

PRB BW (kHz) 180

No. of available RBs 6 12 25 50 75 100

Generic Frame Structure
1 Frame (10 ms)

1 Slot (0.5 ms)

0 1 2 n 18 19

1 Sub Frame (1 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 OFDM symbols
Resource Grid 7 OFDM symbols

Time
F
R
E
q
R
E
S
O
U
R
C R
E E
S
B O

L U
O R
C C
K E

G
R
I
D
Resource Element
 Physical Resource Block (PRB) allocation is done by the
scheduling function in eNodeB

PRB is the smallest element of resource allocation

assigned by the base station scheduler.
LTE Radio Access : An Overview
 Channel dependent Scheduling and Rate adaptation :
Depending on the channel conditions, time frequency resources
are allocated to users by the scheduler
Scheduling decisions taken once every 1ms with frequency
domain granularity of 180 kHz.
Scheduler allocates resources depending on the Channel State
Information(CSI) provided by the UE
 Inter Cell interference Coordination (ICIC) :
In LTE, Frequency Reuse Factor equals to one (full spectrum
availability at each Cell)
This leads to high performance degradation specially the Users in
cell edge.
ICIC reduce ICI at cell edge applying certain restrictions on
resource assignment.
Adaptive Fractional Frequency Reuse
Coordination:
3

Inner Region

Outer Region
 Multicast / Broadcast Single frequency Network
(MBSFN)

As Identical information is transmitted from transmitters (time aligned),

UEs in Cell edge can utilize received power of several surrounding
cells to detect / decode broadcasted data.
Special Features in LTE A (Rel.10)
Carrier Aggregation :

Relaying:
Extended Multi Antenna Transmission :

DL Spatial Multiplexing has been expanded to support up to 8

transmission Layers.

Heterogeneous Deployments :
Ex : Pico Cell placed inside a Macro Cell
Heterogeneous Networks
References :

. 4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband by Erik

Dhalman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold

Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer

by Jim Zyren, Dr.Wes McCoy

Wireless Communication by Andrea Goldsmith

THANK YOU!

Nadisanka Rupasinghe
Engineer Network Optimization