Using SPSS and R for Mediation

Analyses
Matt Baldwin
Lucas Keefer
 We will cover
Simple and simultaneous mediation
Sequential mediation
Moderated mediation
Three models using PROCESS for SPSS
R-code for those models
MAYBE: Monte-Carlo estimator online
 Terms

M
a b

X Y
c

Indirect effect: a * b 0
 Terms
Simple mediation
One predictor
One outcome
One or more mediators in parallel
Sequential mediation
One predictor
One outcome
More than one mediator in sequence
 Terms
Moderated mediation: strength of indirect effect
depends on one or more moderators
One predictor
One outcome
One or more mediators (not in sequence)
One or more moderators
Bootstrapping: estimating a parameter from
repeated resampling of the data
Approximates sampling distribution
Uses standard error to calculate confidence interval
for indirect effect (a*b)
 PROCESS: SPSS
Andrew Hayes, Ph.D.
http://afhayes.com/introduction-to-
mediation-moderation-and-conditional-
process-analysis.html
Installing PROCESS
 PROCESS: Models
Templates PDF file: templates.pdf
 Model 4
Simple mediation
Multiple mediators in parallel
Model 4
Model 4 Output
 Model 4 Output

Remember, if the confidence interval does NOT

include zero, the indirect effect is significant!
 Model 6
Sequential mediation
Multiple mediators in sequence
Model 6
Model 6 Output
 Model 7
Moderated mediation
Multiple mediators in parallel
Model 7
Model 7
Model 7 Output
Bootstrapping Mediation in R
 The boot package
Install the boot package and dependencies
What does it do?
The boot package

Data
Model

Number of
Resamples

boot(model, data, R = #)
 Data
Whatever object contains the data you are
analyzing
If there are filters to apply, do so beforehand:
med_data <- subset(data, filters)
 Model
The model must be specified manually:
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
 Model
The model must be specified manually:
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
 Model
The model must be specified manually:
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
 Model
The model must be specified manually:
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
 Model
The model must be specified manually:
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
 Model
The model must be specified manually:
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
Simple Mediation
 Simple Mediation
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
 Simple Mediation
boot(model, data, R = #)
obj <- boot(mediation, med_data, R = 10000)
boot.ci(obj)
Moderated Mediation
 Moderated Mediation
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M~X+W+WX, data=d)
model2<-lm(Y~M+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
Sequential Mediation
 Sequential Mediation
mediation<-function(med_data,i){
d <- med_data[i,]
model1<- lm(M1~X, data=d)
model2<-lm(M2~M1+X, data=d)
model3<-lm(Y~M2+M1+X, data=d)
ab <- coef(model1)[2]*coef(model2)[2]*
coef(model3)[2]
return(as.numeric(ab))
}
 Final Pointers
Want to add model covariates? Just add them
into all the model commands (NOT as first
predictor)
 Final Pointers
Want to add model covariates? Just add them
into all the model commands (NOT as first
predictor)

Because you are specifying the model

manually, triple check your work!
 Final Pointers
Want to add model covariates? Just add them
into all the model commands (NOT as first
predictor)

Because you are specifying the model

manually, triple check your work!
It wont catch misspecification
 Final Pointers
Want to add model covariates? Just add them
into all the model commands (NOT as first
predictor)

Because you are specifying the model

manually, triple check your work!
It wont catch misspecification
Make sure it is storing the right coefficient
Thank you
 Monte-Carlo Estimator
Similar to bootstrapping method
Calculates indirect effect from a, b, and
standard error
http://www.quantpsy.org/medmc/medmc.ht
m
 Thank You
Please feel free to ask us questions now or
later!
Matts email: mwbaldwin@ku.edu
Lucas email: lkeefer1@ku.edu
These slides can be found at
http://matthewbaldwin.yolasite.com/tools.php