M.M. H.S.

NARIYAMPARA
KATTAPPANA

ENERGY CONSERVATION
Project By
Sreekutty Vijayan
Under the supervision of
Smt. Rajalakshmi
(Physics)
hnZymÀ°n-bpsS t]cv. : {io¡p«n hnP-b³
kvIqfnsâ t]cv : Fw.-Fw.-F-¨v.-F-kv.
\cn-b-¼md, I«-¸\
amÀ¤-ZÀin-bpsS t]cv : cmP-e-£van, ^nknIvkv So¨À
Fw.-Fw.-F-¨v.-F-kv.
\cn-b-¼md, I«-¸\
 taJe
DuÀÖ-kw-c-£Ww
{][m\ {]iv\w
DuÀÖ-{]-Xn-kÔn F§s\ ]cn-l-cn¡mw
 IrX-ÚX
Cu s{]mPIväv sNbvXp XoÀ¡p-hm³ Fs¶ klm-bn¨ `uXo-I- imkv{Xm-
[ym]nIbpw s{]mPIväv ssKUp-amb cmP-e-£van-So-¨À, kl-]m-Tn-I-fmb sFiz-cy,- \n-c-¬Xmc F¶n-hÀ¡pw Unän]n sNbvXp-
X¶ Fʳkv{Km^n-Ivkn\pw Fsâ AI-a-gnª \µnbpw IS-¸mSpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
 {io¡p«n hnP-b³
{][m\ {]iv\w
BapJw
]mcn-Øn-XnI aen-\o-I-c-Ww Ipd¨v `mhn-bn-te-bv¡pÅ DuÀÖw kw`-cn¨p shbv¡m³ DÅ Hcp amÀ¤-am-Wv. DuÀÖ-£-a-X-
bpsS D]-tbmKw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p¶p
1 Consumers can reduce energy cost and promote economic security.
2. Industrial and commercial users can increase energy, use efficiency to maximize profit.
 F\ÀPn-t]m-fnknbpsS Hcp {][m\ `mK-amWv DuÀÖ-kw-c-£Ww. CXv DuÀÖ-s¨ehv Ipd-bv¡m-\pw, ]pXnb DuÀÖ-
¹mânsâ Bh-iy-IX Ipd-bv¡m-\pw, DuÀÖ- Cd-¡p-aXn Ipd-bv¡m\pw km[n-¡pw.
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w henb Hcp {]m[m\yw DuÀÖ-kw-c-£W¯n\v D­v. AXp-sIm­v ]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m-hp¶ DuÀÖ-
t{km-X-Êp-IÄ¡v IqSp-X {]m[m\yw \ÂIn ]pXnb sd\yq-h-_nÄ tkmgvkv Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¨m am{Xta hnP-bn-¡p-I-bp-
Åp.
C´y, P¸m³, se_-\³, \yqkn-em³Uv, bqtdm-]y³ bqWn-b³, bpssW-äUv tÌävkv F¶o cmjv{S-§-fn Kh¬saâv {]tXyI
GP³kn-Isf DuÀÖ-kw-c-£W¯n\p th­n GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-­v.
\nÀÆN\w
Ipd¨v DuÀÖw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm­v IqSp-X {]hÀ¯nIÄ sN¿pI.
DuÀÖ-kw-c-£Ww ^ew km¼-¯n-I-aq-e-[\w Iq«pI, F³h-tbm¬saâ Izmfn-än, tZiob kpc-£, hyàn-kp-c-£, am\p-jn-I-kp-
c-£, F¶n-hbmWv.
Dt±-È-§Ä
•DuÀÖw F§n-s\-sbÃmw \nÀan¡mw F¶-dn-bpI
•DuÀÖw kwc-£n-¡p-hm-\pÅ amÀ¤-§Ä Adn-bpI
•]p\x-Øm-]n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ a\-Ên-em¡pI
•]p\x-Øm-]n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bm¯ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xp aqe-apÅ ]cn-ØnXn aen-\o-I-c-W-§Ä
Is­-¯p-I.
•]p\x-Øm-]n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xp aqe-apÅ ta·-IÄ Is­-¯p-I.
 Ah-Xm-cnI
DuÀÖ-{]-Xn-kÔn AXn-cq£amb Cu Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, DuÀÖ-kw-c-£-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw ]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶
DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-I-tf-¡p-dn¨pw {io¡p«n hnP-b³ s{]mPIvSv X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-sh¶v And-ª-Xn AXn-bmb kt´m-j-ap-­v.
{io¡p-«n¡v FÃm `mhp-I-§-fpw.
cm[mIr-jvW-]nÅ
Cm

slUvam-ÌÀ
Fw.-Fw.-F-¨v. Fkv. \cn-b-¼md
XobXn
 apJhpc
A

DuÀÖ-¯nsâ D]-tbmKw Aan-X-amb Cu Ime-L-«-¯n ,DuÀÖ-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]{X-am-[y-a-§-fn h¶ hmÀ¯-I-

fmWv Cu s{]mPIvSv sN¿phm³ Fs¶ t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xv. hnhn[ Xc-¯n-epÅ DuÀÖ-{]-Xn-kÔn ]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§-tf-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv
Cu s{]mPIvSv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
{io¡p«n hnP-b³
XobXn
 
]T-\-{]-hÀ¯\-¯nsâ Bkp-{X-Ww.
 
]T-\-hym]vXn
temI-cm-jv{S-§-fnse hyXykvX DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-I-fpsS
D]-tbmKw
 
 
]T-\-coXn
hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn¨v Xmc-Xayw sN¿Â
 
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
]p\-Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖw
{]Ir-Xn-bn \n¶pw In«p-¶-h-bmWv kqcy-{]-Im-iw, Imäv, ag, Xnc-am-e-IÄ, `qKÀ`-Xm]w Ch-bn \n¶pw
\nÀan-¡m³ ]äp-¶-h-bm-Wv. 2008-þ BsI F\ÀPn-bpsS 19% hpw \nÀan-¨Xv ]p\:Øm]n-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-h-bn \n¶pw Bbn-cp-¶p.
AXn 13% ]c-¼-cm-IrX coXn-bn DÅ _tbm-am-kn \n¶pw 3.2% Pe sshZypX \ne-b-¯n \n¶pw Bbn-cp-¶p. ]pXnb
DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ 2.7% Bbn-cp-¶p.
hÀjwtXmdpw hnâv F\ÀPn 30% F¶ \nc-¡n hÀ[n-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. CXv 2009-þ 1,57,900 saKmhm«v
Bbn-cp¶p CXnsâ thÄUv sshUv I¸m-kn-än. {][m-\-ambpw CXv IqSp-X-embn DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv bqtdm-¸v, Gjy,
Ata-cn¡ F¶o cmPy-§-fn BWv. PV ]hÀlu-kp-IÄ {][m-\-ambpw ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv PÀ½-\n-bn-epw, kvs]bn-\nepw BWv.
tkmfmÀ sXÀa ]hÀtÌ-j³ IqSp-X-embn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv USA, kvs]bn³ F¶o cmjv{S-§-fn BWv. CXn Gähpw IqSp-XÂ
354 saKm-hm«v SCGS ]hÀ ¹mâv tamPm-th-bn acp-`q-an-bn BWv. temI-¯nse Gähpw henb Pntbm sXÀa ]hÀ ¹mâv
ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Imen-t^mÀWnb Geyesers BWv. AXnsâ I¸m-knän 750 saKm
hm«v BWv. temI-¯nse Gähpw henb renewable F\ÀPn t{]m{Kmwkv {_ko-en BWv. AXn Icn-¼n \n¶pw
DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ FY-t\mÄ CÔ\w (sam¯w hml-\-§-fn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ CÔ-\-¯nse 18%) FY-t\mÄ CÔ\w hym]-I-
ambn Ata-cn-¡-bnepw e`y-am-Wv.
[mcmfw ]p\:Øm]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-kp-I-fpsS t{]mPIvävkv {KmaoW ]nt¶m¡ taJ-e-I-fn \S-
¸m-¡n-bn-«p-­v. 3 aney¬ ho«p-ImÀ¡v tkmfmÀ PV knÌ-¯n \n¶pw DuÀPw e`n-¡p-¶p-­v. 30 aney-Wn IqSp-XÂ
{KmaoW ho«p-ImÀ¡v {]Im-i-¯n\pw Blm-c-¯n\pw th­n _tbm-Kym-kn \n¶pw DuÀPw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. 160
aney¬ IpSpw-_-¡mÀ _tbm-am-kn \n¶p-apÅ ]mNI Ìu D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-­v.
]p\-Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀP-t{km-X-kp-I-fpsS hnhn[ cq]-§Ä
•Imäm-Sn-b{´w (Wind Power)
Imäp-]-tbm-Kn¨v Imäm-Sn-IÄ Nen-¸n¨v DuÀPw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Gähpw B[p-\nI Wind
Turbines-sâ sdbn©v 600 Intem hm«v apX 5 Mul hsc-bmWv. Wind turbines Øm]n-¡m-\mbn hfsc DbÀ¶Xpw Dd-
¸p-ÅXpw Bb Øe-§Ä BWv Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. BtKmf DuÀP DXv]m-Z-\-¯nsâ 5% DuÀÖw wind- \n¶m-Wv.
Hm^vtjmÀ dntkmÀSvkn-emWv Ch DÅ-sX-¦n Ic-bn Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ 90% IqSp-X thKX In«p-¶p. ImänÂ
\n¶pÅ DuÀPw ]p\:Øm]n-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-h-bm-Wv. CXv Hcp-X-c-¯nepw BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n\v CS-bm-¡p-¶n-Ã.
•Pe-ssh-ZypXn (Hydro power)
 Pe-¯n \n¶pw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ DuÀP-am-Wn-Xv. Pew hmbp-hn-s\-¡mÄ 800% aS§v km{µX IqSn-b-
h-bm-Wv.
1. Pe-ssh-ZypX \ne-b-§Ä
CXv hfsc henb tXmXn Pew Umap-I-fn sI«n-\nÀ¯n AXn \n¶pw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
2. ssat{Im sslt{Um knÌw
CXv A\p-k-cn¨v 100 kw ]hÀ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXv [mcm-f-ambn \S-¸m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]
nt¶m¡ {]tZ-i-§-fn BWv. temI-¯nsâ hnhn[`mK-§-fn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXn 50 kw tkmf-saâv Ab-eâvkn-emWv ImW-s¸-
Sp-¶-Xv.
3. Umw IqSm-sX-bpÅ Pe-ssh-ZypX \nebw
\Zn-I-fn \n¶pw kap-{Z-§-fn \n¶pw Umw IqSm-sX-bpÅ KXn-tImÀÖw DXv]m-Zn-¸n¨v sshZypXn D­m-¡p-
¶p.
4. kap{Z DuÀPw
IS-en \n¶pw kap-{Z-¯n \n¶pw DuÀPw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hn[w. CXv Bg-¡-S-en \n¶pw DÅ DuÀPD-
Xv]m-Z-\w, kap-{Z-Pe {]hm-l-¯n \n¶pw DÅ DuÀP-D-Xv]m-Z-\w, Xnc-am-e-I-fn \n¶p-apÅ DuÀÖ-D-Xv]m-Z-\w.
•kutcmÀÖw (Solar Energy)
kqcy-\n \n¶pw DuÀÖw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ hn[w. t^mt«m thmÄt«-Pnepw loäv F³Pn-\nepw BWv
CXv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A´-co-£-¯nse Xm]w \ne-\nÀ¯p-I, shÅw NqSm-¡p-I, ]mNIw sN¿p-I, hymh-km-bnI
Bh-iy-§Ä¡v th­n-bpÅ DbÀ¶ Xmt]mÂ]m-Z\w F¶n-hbpw kutcmÀÖ-¯nsâ D]-tbm-K-§-fnÂs¸-Sp-¶p. tkmfmÀ sSIvt\m-f-Po-
kns\ s]mXp-hmbn c­mbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn 1. Active Solar technology, 2. Passive Solar Technology.
Active Solar technology bn DuÀÖ-kw-_-Ôamb kutcmÀÖ-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Passive
Solar Technology {]Im-i-kw-_-Ô-amb hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-§-
fpsS Xnc-sª-Sp-¡epw hmbp k©m-c-¯n\v D]-bp-à-amb Øe-¯nsâ cq]o-I-c-Whpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
ssPh-]nWvUw (BIOMASS)
kqcy-\n \n¶pw e`n-¡p¶ DuÀÖw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Hcp DuÀÖ {]`-h-tI{µw BWv ssPh-]nWvUw. kqcy-\n \n¶pw
Cu DuÀPw e`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m DuÀPw \jvS-s¸-SmsX Xs¶ {]Im-i-kw-tÇ-j-W-¯n-eqsS ]pXnb DuÀP-am-ä-¯n-eqsS CXv
\ne-\nÀ¯m³ km[n-¡p-¶p. kky-§Ä \in-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah DÅn-epÅ kutcmÀPhpw ]pd-¯p-hn-Sp-¶p. A§s\ Ah kutcmÀPw DÄs¡m-
Åp¶ Hcp _mä-dn-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. kqcy-\n \n¶pw DuÀPw e`n-¡p¶ ka-b¯p t]mepw kky-§-fpsS DÅn-epÅ kutcmÀPw
Ah ]pd-¯p-hn-Sp-¶-Xn-\m kutcmÀP-¯nsâ Afhv Ipd-bp-¶nÃ.
Npcp-¡-¯n kky-§sf DuÀP-\nÀam-W-¯nsâ c­p coXn-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. BZy-ambn Ah DuÀtPm-Xv]m-Z-\-
¯n\p th­n am{X-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. c­m-a-Xmbn Cu kky-§-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§-fpsS IrXy-amb D]-tbm-K-¯n-eq-sSbpw CXv
{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-Ip-¶p. CXv Imem-h-Ø¡pw a®n\pw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw {]tZ-i-§-fpsS aäp kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨pw hyXy-
Ø-s¸-Smw.
ssPh CÔ-\w (BIO FUEL)
{ZmhI ssPh CÔ\w km[m-c-W-bmbn _tbm B¡-tlmtfm (Bio ethanol) Hmbntem (Bio diesel) BImw. ]©-km-c-
bnse LS-I-§sf Fermentation \S¯n _tbm F¯-t\mÄ \nÀ½n-¡mw. CXv km[m-c-W-bmbn ]©-km-c-bn \n¶pw ÌmÀ¨n \n¶p-
amWv DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. hyh-kmbw hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¨-tXmsS ac-§-fn \n¶pw aäv Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡-fn \n¶pw Ethanol
DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-sa¶ AhØ F¯n-t¨À¶p. CXnsâ ip²-amb C\w
hml-\-§-fn CÔ-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXv IqSp-X-embn Ata-cn-¡-bnepw {_ko-enepw
BWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Biodiesel km[m-c-W-bmbn arK-s¡m-gp-¸n \n¶pw kky-F-®-I-fn \n¶pw BWv
DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. CXn-sâbpw ip²-amb C\w hml-\-§-fn CÔ-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
CXv km[m-c-W-bmbn ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-Ivssk-Un-sâbpw aäp sslt{Um ImÀ_-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw
Afhv Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn\p th­n Uok-ensâ IqsS tNÀ¡m-dp-­v. bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fn-emWv CXv km[m-
cW \ne-hn-ep-Å-Xv. 2008-þ temI-¯nse F® Ib-äp-a-Xn-bn 1.8% hpw ssPh CÔ\w BWv.
FY-t\mfnsâ Ib-äp-aXn
1970 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw {_ko Ethanol \nÀ½m-W-cw-K¯v Ata-cn-¡bv¡v ]n¶mse 2þmw
Øm\w ssIh-cn-¨p. AtXm-sSm¸w Ib-äp-a-Xn-bn H¶mw Øm\hpw. Cu hfÀ¨bv¡p ]pd-In B[p-\nI
D]-I-c-W-§fpw ]©-km-c-bnse aäv Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡fpw Hcp ]¦v hln-¨p. Ah-injvS ]ZmÀ°-§Ä
Xm]hpw DuÀÖhpw DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-\mbn AhÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. A§s\ 2008 Ah-km-\-am-b-t¸mÄ
GI-tZiw 35000 CÔ\ \nd-bv¡Â tÌj-\p-IÄ {_ko-en D­m-bn. AXn Xs¶ Hsc-®-sa-¦nepw Ethanol
pump Bbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ct¸mÄ Ata-cn-¡-bn hnä-gn-¡p¶ Gesoline-  10% FY-
t\mÄ BWv. IqSp-X FY-t\m-fn HmSp¶ hml-\-§Ä AhnsS Ct¸mÄ Xs¶ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Nne hml-\-§-fn Kymk-ensâ IqsS 85% FY-t\mÄ tNÀ¡p¶p (E85).
2006 a[y-t¯msS GI-tZiw 6 tImSn-tbmfw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hml-\-§Ä Ata-cn-¡-bn kÀÆ-km-[m-c-
W-am-bn. hne¡pw e`y-Xbv¡pw A\p-k-cn¨v [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hml-\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶p. 2005þse F\ÀPn t]mfn-kn-bmäv A\p-k-cn¨v 2012 BIp-t¼m-tfbv¡pw 7.5 _ney³ Af-hp-I-fnÂ
ssPh-C-Ô\w D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXpw amÀ¡änsâ hfÀ¨sb hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.
IV. `utamÀÖw (Geothermal Energy)
`qan-bpsS A´À`m-K¯p \n¶pw thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ DuÀÖ-cq-]-amWv `utamÀÖw. Nne Øe-§-fn Intem-ao-ä-tdmfw Bg-§-
fnepw
Nne-t¸mÄ Geothermal ]¼v aqew sNdnb Bg-§-fnepw CXv e`n-¡p-¶p. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ ]hÀtÌ-j³ \nÀan-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Nne-th-dn-b-Xm-sW-¦nepw hymh-km-bnI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS aqeyhpw Nnehp Ipdª DuÀtÖm-Xv]m-Z-\hpw CXnsâ
{]m[m-\ys¯ DbÀ¯p-¶p. Npcp¡n ]d-ªm `uam-´À`m-Ks¯ NqSpw emh-bpsS km¶n-²yhpamWv Cu DuÀÖ-¯nsâ Dd-hnSw
BIp-¶-Xv.
{][m-\-ambpw 3 Xc-¯n `utamÀÖw DXv]m-Zn-¸n¡mw-þ ss{UÌn, ^vfmjv, ss_\-dn. ss{UÌn ¹mân Bhnsb
groundþ \n¶pw ASp-¡p-I-fmbn ]pd¯v F¯n-¡p-Ibpw AXp-hgn Turbine Id¡n P\-td-äÀ {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-¶p. ^vfmjv ¹mâp-I-
fn \n¶pw D]-cn-Xe shÅw 2000C  IqSp-X NqSm¡n D]-cn-Xe Dujvamhv hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p. A§s\ `uam-´À`m-K¯p \n¶pw
DÅ DuÀÖs¯ hen-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. ss_\dn ¹mâp-I-fn NqSm-¡nb shÅw hnhn[ Xm]-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fn¡qSn Hgp¡n DÅn-epÅ
HmÀKm-\nIv ^vfqbn-Uns\ Xnf-¸n¨v SÀss_³ Id-¡p-¶p
. aq¶v ¹mâp-I-fnepw \ocm-hn, aäv Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡Ä Ch XncnsI ]md-I-fn tiJ-cn-¡p-Ibpw IqSp-X Xm]s¯ DXv]m-Zn-
¸n-¡m\pw km[n-¡pw.
`utamÀÖw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ `qan-bpsS `mKhpw `utam-]-cn-X-ehpw X½n ]e Øe-§-fn Zqc-hy-Xymkw D­m-
Im-dp-­v. `uam-´À`m-K-¯pÅ NqSp emh-Isf ]pd-t¯bv¡v hen-s¨-Sp¯v sshZypXn D­m-¡m³ ]äp¶ Geothermal power stations
temI-¯nsâ Nne-`m-K-§-fn D­v. Nnen, sFkvem³Uv, \yqkn-em³Uv, Ata-cn-¡, ^nen-ss¸³kv, Cäen F¶n-hn-S-§-fn `utamÀÖw
aqew sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. sFkvem³Un 170 mw `utamÀÖ-ssh-ZypXn 2000-þ-¯n Xs¶ C§s\ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-
s¸-Sp-Ibpw 86% hoSp-I-fn sshZypXn F¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
NqSpÅ ]md-Isf 3 Intem-ao-ä-dp-I-tfmfw Xpf¨v AXn \n¶pw ]¼v D]-tbm-Kn¨v ASn-bn-epÅ shÅs¯ hen-s¨-Sp-
¡p-¶p. AXp-hgn DuÀPs¯ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Bkvt{S-en-b-bn DÅ hnhn[ I¼-\n-IÄ Cu coXn-bn DuÀPs¯ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-
¡p-¶p.
Selected renewable energy indicators

Selected global indicators 2007 2008 2009

Investment in new renewable capacity (annual) 104 130 150 billion USD

Existing renewables power capacity,

1,070 1,140 1,230 GWe
including large-scale hydro

Existing renewables power capacity,

240 280 305 GWe
excluding large hydro

Wind power capacity (existing) 94 121 159 GWe

Solar PV capacity (grid-connected) 7.6 13.5 21 GWe

Solar hot water capacity 126 149 180 GWth

Ethanol production (annual) 50 69 76 billion liters

Biodiesel production (annual) 10 15 17 billion liters

Countries with policy targets for renewable energy use 68 75 85

 Explanation
Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion and regenerative thermal oxidiser component of Lübeck mechanical biological treatment plant in Germany, 2007

XpSÀ¨-bmb t{]mkkv BWv. ssat{Im HmÀKm-\nkw thÌv saäo-cn-b-ens\ HmIvkn-Psâ A`m-h-

¯n hnL-Sn-¸n¨v Kymkv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. CXv KmÀlnI hyh-kmb Bh-iy-§Ä¡pÅ F\ÀPn DXv]m-
Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-t\m-sSm¸w waste disposal \v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXv Gähpw IqSp-XÂ Waste
water processing \v BWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Waste waterþÂ \n¶p-apÅ Kymknsâ DÂkÀP\w
XS-bm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Anaerobic digestion Hcp ]p\:Øm]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êm-Wv.
ImcWw Cu t{]mk-kn-eqsS Co2, Methane F¶o _tbm-Kymkv DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ
t^mkn CÔ-\-§-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-¯n\p ]I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ Ah-in-
jvS-§Ä \à hf-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
United Nations development programme CXns\ recognise sNbvXn-«p-­v. CXn\v Nne
tZmj-h-i-§fpw D­v. High capital investment, Ipdª {]hÀ¯\£aX DÅ-
Xn-\m Ahbv¡v hyh-km-bnI taJ-e-I-fn Nne ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-­v. CXv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s¸-Sp-
¶-Xv.
 
Biological Treatment Plant Germany-2007.
Ncn{Xw
17-þmw \qäm-­n CXv BZy-ambn Is­-¯n-bXv Robert Boyle, Stephenhale Dw BWv.
Cattle field  \n¶pw aotY³ Kmkv DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-sa¶v Humphry Daby I­p-]n-Sn-¨p. First
Anaerobic digestor Øm]n-¨Xv 1859-þ apwss_-bnse eo¸À tImf-\n-bn-em-Wv.
B¹n-t¡-j³
Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ^e-ambn hmX-Ihpw hfhpw e`n-¡p-¶-Xp-aqew thÌns\ IS-en XÅp-¶-
Xpw, Ic-bn Iq«n-bn-Sp-¶Xpw I¯n-¡p-¶Xpw aqe-apÅ aen-\o-I-cWw Hgnhm-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
Anaerobic digestion plant sâ \nÀ½m-W-¯n-eqsS Green houses gases IfpsS DXv]m-
Z\w Xmsg ]d-bp¶ coXn-bn \nb-{´n-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.þ
1. t^mkn ^yqh-en\v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.
2. Ah-injvS \nÀ½mÀÖ-\-¹mâp-I-fpsS DuÀÖ-\jvSw Hgn-hm-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
3. A´-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
4. cmk-hf D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
5. hml-\-K-Xm-K-X-¯nsâ Afhp Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
6. Idânsâ Afhp Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
 THE KEY PROCESS STAGES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

{]mY-an-I-amb Imcyw Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\p th­thÌv saäo-cn-b kw`-cn-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. thÌv saäo-cn-bÂkn ¹mÌn-Iv,
¥mkv, saä XpS-§nb Jc-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä Xcw-Xn-cn¨p amän-b-Xn\p tijw am{Xta ¹mân D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ ]mSp-Åp. AÃm¯]£w
¹mânsâ {]hÀ¯-\s¯ XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯pw. Xcw-Xn-cn-t¡­hkvXp-¡-fpsS Af-h-\p-k-cn¨v sajo-\-dnbpw sNehpw IqSpw.
Anaerobic digestor Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-¯n\v A\p-k-cn¨p thWw cq]-I-ev]\ sN¿m³.

Farm-based maize silage digester located nearNeumünster in Germany, 2007. Green inflatable biogas holder is shown on top of the digester
1) Batch or continuous
2. Temperature Mesophilic or Thermophilic
3. Solids - high/low
4. Complexity Single/mutte
 Typical composition of biogas
Matter  %
Methane, CH4 50–75
Carbon dioxide,
25–50
CO2
Nitrogen, N2 0–10
Hydrogen, H2 0–1
Hydrogen sulfide,
0–3
H2 S
Anaerobic lagoon & generators at the Cal Poly Dairy,United States 2003
Mesophilic stage  37-þ410C Oxygen, O2 0–2
Thermophylic stage-Â 50-þ520C upto 700C.
Single stage {Soävsa³dn\v 14 Znhkw thWw. aÄ«n tÌPn 15 apX 40 Znhkw hsc thWw.
Typical composition of Biogas table
Switzerland, Germany, Swedan F¶o cmjv{S-§-fn _tbm-Kmkv hml-\-§-fpsS CÔ-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p, Main gas pipe
te¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

CXn \n¶pw D­m-Ip¶ Atam-Wnb hmX-Is¯ decompose sNbvXv a®nsâ ^e-`q-bn-jvTX Iq«m-\pÅ hf-am¡n amäp-¶p.
CXn \n¶pw hcp¶ waste water reverse osmosis unit eqsS IS¯n hn«v ip²o-I-cn-¨-Xn\p tijta ]pd-t¯¡p hnSm³ km[n-¡p-
I-bp-Åp.
kutcmÀÖw
kqcy-\n \n¶p-apÅ sshZyp-X-{]-hm-l-amWv kutcmÀÖw. CXp-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv t^mt«m
thmÄ«n-Ivkv, tI{µo-IrX kutcmÀÖw F¶nh hgn-bm-Wv. 2008-þ temI-¯n BsI-am\w D­m-bn-cp¶ DuÀÖ-¯nsâ
1000 Cc«n DuÀPw kutcmÀP-¯n\v \ÂIp-hm³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw BsI-bp-­m-bn-cp¶ DuÀP-¯nsâ 0.02%
DuÀPw am{Xta `qan-bn-tebv¡v {]h-ln-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp. kutcmÀÖ-¯nsâ D]-t`mKw Cu Ime-b-f-hn Cc-«n-bmbn
hÀ²n-¨m Cu \qäm-­nse Gähpw henb DuÀÖ-t{km-Xkv kutcmÀÖ-ambn amdpw. kutcmÀÖ-¯n \n¶p-apÅ
DuÀtÖm-Xv]m-Z\w \mÄ¡p\mÄ hÀ[n-¨p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.
 `qan-bn-tebv¡v ]Xn-¡p¶ kutcmÀÖw {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-am-Wv...-DuÀÖ-t{km-X-km-Wv. B[p-\n-I-amb Solar
Thermal Concentrators t]mepÅ kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v hnhn-[-co-Xn-I-fn kq£n-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡pw.
kutcmÀP-¯nsâ tI{µo-I-cWw
I®m-Sn-Ifpw se³kp-Ifpw aäpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp henb hnkvXr-Xn-bn-epÅ kqcy-{]-Im-is¯ Hcp Iq«-am-¡p-hm³
km[n-¡pw. C§s\ tI{µo-I-cn¨ Xm]s¯ I¬sh³j-WÂ ]hÀ ¹mâp-I-fpsS Xm]-t{km-X-kmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. ]e kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-
Ifpw kqcy-{]-Im-i-¯ns\ tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-hm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXv DuÀP-kw-`-c-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. ]mcm-t_m-
fnIv {Sm^v, tIm¬k³t{S-änwKv eo\n-bÀ {^kv\Â, dn^vf-IvSÀ, ÌnÀenwKv Unjv apX-em-bh kqcy-{]-Im-i-¯ns\ tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-
¶-Xn-\mbn klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
t^mt«m-thmÄ«nIv
Hcp t^mt«m-thmÄ«nIv sk F¶Xv {]Im-i-¯ns\ sshZyp-Xn-bmbn amäp¶ D]-I-c-W-am-Wv. CXv Nne-th-dnb
Hcp kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy Bb-Xn-\m AXym-h-iy-L-«-§-fn am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-Åp. t^mt«m-hmÄ«nIv skÃp-I-fn Xs¶
hnhn-[-X-c-¯n-epÅ kmt¦-XnI hnZy-IÄ hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-«p-­v. FÃm cmPy-§-fnepw Cu kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy C¶v hym]-I-am-bn-«p-­v.

Grid-Connected Solar PV Capacity (MW)

No Country 2006 2007 2008 2009
DuÀÖ-kw-`-cW amÀ¤-§Ä
kutcmÀÖw cm{Xn-Im-e-§-fn e`y-a-Ã. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ FÃm-bvt¸mgpw
DuÀÖ-kw-`-cWw \S-¯pI F¶Xv A{]m-]y-am-Wv. Imän \n¶p-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶
DuÀPhpw kutcmÀPhpw Aaq-ey-amb DuÀP-t{km-X-Êp-I-fm-Wv. AXp-sIm­v Ah-bpsS
kwc-£-W-¯n\v {]m[m\yw Gdp-¶p. D¸v kutcmÀÖw kq£n-¡p-hm³ DÅ \sÃmcp D]m-[n-
bm-Wv.
sshZypX {]Xn-k-Ônsb t\cn-Sm³ kutcmÀÖ D]-t`mKw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
tkmfmÀ hm«Àlo-äÀ, tkmfmÀ Ip¡À, tkmfmÀ Im¡p-te-äÀ, tkmfmÀ sseäp-IÄ apX-em-
bh D]-tbm-
- World 5,100 7,600 13,500 21,000
1  Germany 3,063 3,846 6,019 9,830
2  Spain 118 733 3,421 3,520
3  Japan 1,500 1,700 2,000 2,600
 
4 300 500 700 1,200
United State
s
5  Italy 58 120 458 1,032
 
6 1 4 55 466
Czech Repub
lic
7  South Korea <100 100 400 400
- Others 100 500 700 2,000
Kn¨v DuÀÖ-\jvSw eLq-I-cn-¡mw. \mt\m sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bmWv Gähpw B[p-\n-I-amb tkmfmÀ ]m\Â D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
]mcn-Øn-XnI BLm-X-§Ä
t^mkn CÔ-\-§sf B{i-bn-¨pÅ kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Isf At]-£n¨v kutcmÀÖ-¯nsâ D]-t`mKw Imcy-amb ]
mcn-Øn-XnI {]iv\-§Ä¡v hgn-sX-fn-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¶m ]m\-ep-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z\w Ipd¨v aen-\o-I-c-W-§Ä¡v hgn-sX-fn-
¡p-¶p.
lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§Ä
hnhn-[-hm-X-I-§-fpsS ]pdw-X-ÅÂsIm­v 25-þ32 g/kwh Dw hmX-I-§-fpsS tI{µo-I-c-W-ap-­v. AXp-t]m-
se-Xs¶ \yq¢n-bÀ ]hÀ ¹mâp-I-fm 40 g/kwh Dw hmX-I-§Ä ]pd-´-Å-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶m kutcmÀÖ-¯n-sâbpw ImänÂ
\n¶pw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ DuÀÖ-¯n-sâbpw hmX-I-§-fpsS ]pd-´-ÅÂ 11 g/kwh am{Xta hcp-¶p-Åp. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶
kutcmÀÖ-¯nsâ D]-t`mKw sIm­v {]Ir-Xn¡v Imcy-amb tZmj-§Ä H¶pw Xs¶ kw`-hn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
PntbmsXÀaÂ
`qan-¡p-Ån Xm]-cq-]-¯n kw`-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ DuÀÖ-amWv Pntbm sXÀa DuÀÖw. `qan-¡-Is¯
DbÀ¶ Xm]w-aqew ]md DcpIn amÜ D­m-Ip-¶p. Nne Øe-§-fn Cu amÜ DbÀ¶p-h¶v `qX-e-¯n\p Ipsd Xmsg-bmbn
kw`-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXns\ tlm«v kvt]m«v F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. tlm«v kvt]m«p-ambn k¼À¡-¯n hcp¶ `qKÀ`-Pew Xnf¨v
\ocm-hn-bmbn ]md-IÄ¡n-S-bn IpSp§n aÀ±w hÀ[n-¡p-¶p. C§-s\-bpÅ Øe-§-Ä Is­¯n Ipg Xmgv¯n \ocm-hnsb ]pd-
¯p-sIm-­p-h¶v SÀss_³ Id§n sshZypXn \nÀ½n-¡p¶ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wv.
C³Uy-bn a[y-{]-tZ-inepw Ata-cn-¡-bn-epw, \yqkn-em³Unepw Pntbm-sXÀa ]hÀ ¹mâp-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-­v.

Two-stage, low-solids, UASB digestion component of a mechanical biological treatment system near 

Tel Aviv, process water is seen in balance tank and sequencing batch reactor, 2005
ta³a-IÄ
* XpSÀ¨-bmbn hÀj-§-tfmfw {]hÀ¯n-¸n¡mw
* A´-co£ aen-\o-I-c-W-an-Ã.
* sslt{Um Ce-Iv{SnIv ]hÀ tÌjsâ ]IpXn sNeth hcp-¶p-Åp.
tZmj-^-e-§Ä
* lmÀUv kvt]m«v Is­-¯m-\pÅ _p²n-ap-«p-­v.
* Bg-¯n {Un sN¿m-\pÅ _p²nap«v
* km¼-¯nI _m[yX D­m-¡p-¶p. ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sm-\pÅ km[y-
Xbpw IqSp-X-em-Wv.
Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland
1892-þ Ata-cn-¡³ Unkv{SnIväv Bb Boise, Idaho F¶n-hn-S-§-fn Pntbm sXÀaÂ
DuÀÖw D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-­n sshZyp-Xn-bpsS D]-t`mKw IqSn-b-t¸mÄ Pntbm
sXÀa DuÀÖ-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw IqSn. 1904-þ Prince Piero Ginori Conti BZy-ambn Pntbm
sXÀa ]hÀ P\-td-äÀ sSÌv sNbvXp. temI-¯nse GI hymh-km-bnI Pntbm sXÀa DuÀP-D-Xv]m-Z-
IÀ \yqkn-em³Un 1958-þ Øm]n-¨p. 1960-þ hnP-b-I-c-ambn Imen-t^mÀWn-bm-bnse Geyses Â
Pntbm sXÀa Ce-Iv{SnIv ]hÀ ¹mâv Øm]n-¨p. ss_\dn ssk¡nÄ ]hÀ ¹mâv BZy-ambn USSR  1967-
þÂ Øm]n-¨p. ]n¶oSv bpssW-äUv tÌävknepw CXv Introduce sNbvXp. Cu sSIvt\m-fPn hfsc Ipdª
sS¼-td-¨À dntkm-gvk-kn \n¶p-am-Wv. In 2006, a Binary cycle plant in Chena Hot Springs,
Alaska  Øm]n-X-am-bn. from a record low fluid tempt of 570C.
Imän \n¶pÅ DuÀÖw
Wind power energy bpsS Hcp Useful form BWv CXv. Wind turbines D]-tbm-Kn¨v
Idâv DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. bm{´n-tImÀÖw D]-tbm-Kn¨v Wind Mill, Wind pumps Ch {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-
¶p. 2009-þsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS Wind powered generators sâ World wide capacity 159.2 Giga watts
Bbn-cp-¶p. ]e cmPy-§-enepw CXnsâ DXv]m-Z\w Iq«p-¶-Xn-\mb hen-b-tXm-Xn Kh¬saâv
k_vkn-Un-IÄ sImSp-¡p-¶p-­v.
20% - DuÀÖ DXv]m-Z\w þ U³amÀ¡v
14% t]mÀ¨p-KÂ, kvs]bn³
 11% dn¸-»n-¡³ Ab-e³Uv
8% PÀ½\n
sabv 2009 temI-¯nse 80 cmjv{S-§-fn Wind power D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ DuÀÖDXv]m-Z\w hym]-I-am-
bn.
Ncn{Xw
5500 hÀj-§Ä¡p ap¼p-Xs¶ Wind power sâ {]m[m\yw a\p-jyÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.
Sail boats, sailing ships, architects F¶o taJ-e-I-fn Ch {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. shÅw ]¼p-sN-
¿m\pw [m\y-§Ä s]mSn-¡m\pw AD 7th century  A^vKm-\n-Øm³, ]m¡n-Øm³, Cdm³ F¶o cmjv{S-§-
fn Ch D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bn Water pumping wind mill Ah-cpsS Gähpw {][m-\-s¸«
Hcp LS-I-am-bn-cp-¶p.
Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-­nsâ XpS-¡-t¯m-Sp-IqSn sNdnb hn³Uv SÀss_-\nsâ D]-tbmKw ]e taJ-e-
I-fnepw A\p-`-h-s¸-«p. B[p-\n-I-amb Wind power industry 1970 Â Danish Manufactures XpS-§n.
CXv C¶s¯ SÀss_-\p-I-tf-¡mÄ hfsc sNdn-bh Bbn-cp-¶p. CXnsâ I¸m-knän 20-þ30 kw Bbn-cp-¶p.
Distribution of wind speed (red) and energy (blue) for all of 2002 at the Lee Ranch facility in Colorado. The histogram shows measured data, while the curve is the
Rayleigh model distribution for the same average
wind speed. Energy is the Betz limit through a 100 m (328 ft) diameter circle facing directly into the wind. Total energy for the year through that circle was
15.4 gigawatt-hours (GW·h).
aäpÅ source  \n¶pw In«p¶ DuÀÖs¯ At]-£n¨v hfsc IqSp-X DÅ-XmWv Imän \n¶pw In«p¶
DuÀÖw. 2008þÂ US department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind
turbine sâ I¸m-knän hÀ[n-¡m³ ]pXnb sSIvt\m-fPn hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp-¯p. 2004-þ2005 new wind turbine sâ
Capacity factor 36% Bbn-cp-¶p.
]pXnb {KnUv knÌ-¯nsâ hc-thm-Sp-IqSn wind energy bpsS DXv]m-Z\w 5% apI-fn Iq«m³ klm-
bn-¨p.
Denmark - values over 19%
Spain & Portugal - values over 11%
Germany & Portugal - value over 6%
DZm-l-c-W-ambn 2009 \hw-_À 8þmw XobXn cmhnse kvs]bn-\n hnâÀ F\ÀPn-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w BsI DuÀÖ
DXv]m-Z-\-¯nsâ ]Ip-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Um\njv {KnUv bqtdm-]y³ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡Â {KnUp-ambn ]c-kv]cw henb tXmXn _Ôn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶-Xp-sIm­v {KnUv amt\-Pvsaâv {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡m\pw DXv]m-Z-\-¯nsâ ]IpXn t\mÀsh-bn-tebv¡v Ib-äp-aXn
sN¿m\pw km[n-¡p-¶p.
U.K. bn demand, summer s\¡mÄ IqSp-X Winter emWv, ImcWw Wind sâ kv]oUv IqSp-X-em-
Wv.
Kassel University bpsS Iogn-epÅ C³Ìn-«yq«v t^mÀ tkmfmÀ F\ÀPn kss¹ sSIvt\m-fPn Hcp
combine power plant s\¡p-dn¨v ]Tn¨p hcn-I-bm-Wv. (Solar, Wind, biogas, hydro storage Ch _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n).
2006-þÂ International Energy Agency forum presented costs for managing intermittency as a
function of Wind-energy’s share of total capacity for several coutnries.
Increase in system operation costs, Euros per MW=h, for 10% and 20% Wind share.
2007-Â Ìm³t^mÀUv bqWn-th-gvknän ]T-\-^-e-ambn Journal of Applied Meteorology and
climatology  {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. sam¯w DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ DuÀÖ-¯nsâ 33% AXn-e-[n-Itam wind
farms D]-tbm-Kn¨v \nÀ½n-¡mw.

10% 20%
Installed windpower capacity (MW)
German
2.5 3.2
# Nation y
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
  Denmar
- 40,722 0.4
48,122 0.8
56,614 65,255 74,767
k
European
Union Finland 0.3 1.5
 
1 9,149
Norway 11,603
0.1 16,819
0.3 25,170 35,159
United Sta
tes Sweden 0.3 0.7
2  Germany 18,428 20,622 22,247 23,903 25,777
3  China 1,266 2,599 5,912 12,210 25,104
4  Spain 10,028 11,630 15,145 16,740 19,149
5  India 4,430 6,270 7,850 9,587 10,925
6  Italy 1,718 2,123 2,726 3,537 4,850
7  France 779 1,589 2,477 3,426 4,410
 
8 1,353 1,963 2,389 3,288 4,070
United Kin
gdom
9  Portugal 1,022 1,716 2,130 2,862 3,535
10  Denmark 3,132 3,140 3,129 3,164 3,465
11  Canada 683 1,460 1,846 2,369 3,319
 
12 1,236 1,571 1,759 2,237 2,229
Netherland
s
13  Japan 1,040 1,309 1,528 1,880 2,056
14  Australia 579 817 817 1,494 1,712
15  Sweden 509 571 831 1,067 1,560
16  Ireland 495 746 805 1,245 1,260
17  Greece 573 758 873 990 1,087
18  Austria 819 965 982 995 995
19  Turkey 20 65 207 433 801
20  Poland 83 153 276 472 725
21  Brazil 29 237 247 339 606
22  Belgium 167 194 287 384 563
23  Mexico 2 84 85 85 500
 
24 168 171 322 325 497
New Zeala
nd
25  Taiwan 104 188 280 358 436
26  Norway 268 325 333 428 431
27  Egypt 145 230 310 390 430
 
28 119 176 192 278 348
South Kore
a
29  Morocco 64 64 125 125 253
30  Hungary 18 61 65 127 201
 
31 30 57 116 150 192
Czech Rep
ublic
32  Bulgaria 14 36 57 158 177
33  Chile  ?  ?  ? 20 168
34  Finland 82 86 110 143 147
35  Estonia  ?  ? 59 78 142

36  Costa Rica  ?  ?  ? 74 123

37  Ukraine 77 86 89 90 94
38  Iran 32 47 67 82 91
39  Lithuania 7 56 50 54 91
 Other
Europe
391 494 601 1022 1385
(non
EU27)
Rest of
155 159 184 210 175
Americas
Rest of
Annual Wind Power Generation (TW·h) and total electricity consumption
Africa
52 52 51 56 91
(TW·h) for&10 largest
Middle countries
East
Rest of
Asia 27 27 27 36 51
& Oceania
World
total 59,024 74,151 93,927 121,188 157,899
(MW)
hfˬbpw sNehpw
CÔ-\-em`w Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p. F¶m capital investment IqSp-X-em-Wv. British Wind Energy
Association Report sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ic-bn hn³Uv ]hÀ \nÀ½n-¡-W-sa-¦n 3.2 pence per kwh \p thWw F¶m-Wv. ]e ]T-\-
§-fnepw aäpÅ DuÀÖ DXv]m-Z-\-tI-{µ-§sf At]-£n¨v CXv IqSp-XÂ Nne-hp-Å-Xm-Wv. Nnehp IqSp-XÂ BsW-¦nepw
Health expenses Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
ssäUÂ ]hÀ
then-tb-ähpw then-bn-d-¡hpw DÅ ka-b¯v DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-hpÅ DuÀÖ-am-Wn-Xv. BZys¯ emÀPÂ
kvsIbn ssäU ]hÀ ¹mâv 1966-þ Rance Tidal power
station BWv. ssäUÂ F\ÀPn hn³Uv F\ÀPn-sb-¡mfpw tkmfmÀ F\ÀPn-sb-¡mfpw {]h-N-\o-b-am-Wv. bqtdm-¸nepw
t\mÀ¯v Ata-cn-¡-bnepw ssäUv anÂkv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-­v.

Variation of tides over a day.

kqcy\pw N{µ\pw Kpcp-Xzm-IÀjW _e-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-t¼mÄ shÅ-¯nsâ Afhv IqSp-Ibpw Ipd-bp-Ibpw
sN¿p¶ Ah-k-c-§-fn-emWv then-tb-ä-§Ä D­m-Ip-¶-Xv. ssSU P\-td-äÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv Ce-Iv{Sn-knän DXv]m-Zn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xv.
Tidal power-sâ hnhn[ Xe-§Ä.
CXv 3 Xc-¯n BWv.
1. kap-{Z-Pe {]hm-l-§-fn \n¶pw sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hn[w.
2. then-tb-ähpw then-bn-d-¡hpw D­m-Ip¶ ka-b¯v DuÀÖw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hn[w
3. henb Umap-IÄ 30 apX 50 In.-ao. hsc \of-¯n Ic-bn \n¶pw IS-en-te¡v Cd¡n \nÀan¨v sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-

Global mean surface temperature difference relative to the 1961–1990 average

Comparison of ground based (blue) and satellite based (red: UAH; green: RSS) records of temperature variations since 1979. Trends plotted since January 1982.

Mean surface temperature change for the period 2000 to 2009 relative to the average temperatures from 1951 to 1980.
bpssW-äUv InMvUw, ssN\, sImdnb F¶o Øe-§-fn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXns\ assd³ Idâv ]hÀ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
 British Columbia Tidal Energy Corporation Campbell River 1.2 MW DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ SÀss_³ Øm]n-¨p.
Barrage tidal power henb tXmXn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv France se dm³kv dnh-dn-em-Wv. ssU\m-anIv ssäU ]hÀ Gähpw \qX-\-
amb Bi-b-amWv. CXv 30-þ50 In.-ao. \of-apÅ Umw Ic-bn \n¶pw kap-{Z-¯n-te¡v Cd¡n Øm]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. CXv T shape
BWv.
Global environmental impact
CXv long term process BWv. CXv green houses gases sâ DXv]m-Z\w Ipd-bv¡p-¶p.
Tidal power schemes
1. First tidal power station, Rance tidal power plant 1960-66 Lan Rance, France CXnsâ I¸m-knän 240 MW.
2. First tidal power site in North America  Amapolis Royal Generating station in 1984. Capacity 18MW.
3. First in stream tidal current generator in North America in September 2006.
4. A small project was built by Soviet Union of Kislaya Guba on the Barents Sea.
]p\-Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ IqSp-XÂ Øm]n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I.
Demerits
]p\:Øm]n-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ
1. Thermal power plant
 Global warming Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p.

Gas street lamp

\n-K-a\w
]p\x-Øm-]n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.
Ch ]cn-Øn-Xn¡v \miw D­m-¡p-I-bn-Ã,
DuÀÖw ]mgm-Im-Xn-cp-¶m hcpw Xe-ap-d-Isf c£n-¡mw.
\nÀt±È§Ä
•{]hÀ¯\-£-a-a-Ãm-¯Xpw Imcy-ti-jn-bn-Ãm-¯-Xp-amb sshZyp-tXm-]-I-c-W-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I.
•]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ DuÀÖt{kmXÊpIÄ IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I. CsXmcp Xc-¯nepw BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n\v CS-
bm-¡p-¶n-Ã.
•]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ DuÀÖt{kmXÊp-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv¡pI.
•DuÀÖ-{]-Xn-kÔn Hgn-hm-¡m³ kutcmÀÖw IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.
Ah-ew_w
•NnÂ{U³kv t\mfUvPv _m¦v
•^nknIvkv sSIvkäv _p¡v Ìm³UmÀUv 9
•F³ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation