MPKT-B

Science & Scientific Method

FG 6
Almer Devaro Bilal
Ashilla Safiya
Muhammad Ihsan Arsyad
Sujadi Wiranata
Scientific Method
Definition

a method that is used to investigate, to find, and to approach

questions and discoveries systematically.
Steps
1. Observe and propose questions
2. Make a hypothesis
3. Design hypothesis testing
4. Conduct hypothesis testing
5. Make conclusions and inform the result to the community
Observe & Propose Questions
involves surveys, measurements, experiments, and scientific journals
examination.
Involves five senses ( Sight, Hearing, Taste, Smell, and Touch)
Propose questions that represents the problem.
Making a Hypothesis
Must answers the questions from the observation.
A form of intellectual guess.
Made through inductive logic (specific to general)
Designing Hypothesis Testing
Must be measurable and provable
Designed through deductive logic (general to specific)
Conducting Hypothesis Testing
Can be conducted through observing nature.
The testing must produce causative results, therefore factors that
might influence the result must be minimize.
Must use standardized tools and equipment.
The person that conducts the experiment must be well-trained and
must not be involves personally to the results.
The products are in the form of data (qualitative and quantitative).
Making Conclusions & Informing The Result to
The Community
Either pro or con towards the hypothesis, cannot be both
If the hypothesis is accepted, does not mean it is proven to be true.
More experiments must be conducted.
If it is rejected, new hypothesis has to be made and the redo the
steps.
Report the result, either it is accepted or rejected.
Complex System
Scientific method can only be use for simple system. If the case or
problem is a complex system, other methods must be used. Those
methods are:
Historical evidences.
Taking advantage of phenomenon or disasters as an experiment and
research.
System
A set of components that act together according to their respective
functions as a unity.
The area outside the system is called environment.
System + Environment = The Universe
Types of systems:
Open system: energy and/or matter can come out of or into the
system
Close system: matter cannot come out of or into the system
Isolated system: energy and matter cannot come out of or into the
system
Feedback
The changes in a part of a system that affects the other parts and then
vice versa is called feedback. It happens when the output of the system
also acts as the input of the system, which leads to further
developments of the system.
Types of feedback:
Positive feedback: the output amplifies the next output (unstable)
Negative feedback: when there is no increase on the system
(steady/stable)
Changes and Balance of The System
When input = output, it is called steady system
When input < output, the system shrinks
When input > output, the system enlarges
Units & Quantity
Units and Quantity
In measurement, the problem is about relativity.
If the understanding about measurement is not certain, there will be
a lot of differences in people opinion about units of measurement.
Because of this problem, scientist make a units of measurement that
used by all people around the world, it calls international system of
units
In science for quantitative data, we should use the international
system of units so the others can read our data without having a
problem with understanding the units.
International System of Units
Quantity name unit name
Length Meters (m)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time Second (s)
Electric Current Ampere (A)
Thermodynamic Temperature Kelvin (K)
Amount of Substance Mole (mol)
Luminous Intensity Candela (cd)
Standard measurement of length
Length is measured with units of meters
Units of meters can also converted to greater or smaller units
Scientific Notation
There are several measurement that are either very small or big
A more pratical way of writing is needed
Definition: a mathematical expression used to represent a decimal
number between 1 and 10 multiplied by ten, so you can write large
numbers using less digits.

10-9
Standard Measurement of Time
Standard measurement of time is second
One second is the time that elapses during 9,192,631,770
(9.192631770 x 10 9 ) cycles of the radiation produced by the
transition between two levels of the cesium 133 atom.
The standard of time can also be converted to several other time
units such as: day, hours, minutes, second
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour= 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
Standard Measurement of Mass
Standard measurement of mass is kilogram
Kilogram is defined as the mass of a particular international prototype
made of platinum-iridium and kept at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures.
Other countries use several different units of mass
Example:
Pound (lb)
1 pound = 0.45 kilogram
SI derived units

A derived unit is a Some SI derived units

Expression in terms
Name Symbol Quantity
SI unit of Square metre m2 area m2
of SI base units

measurement Cubic metre m3 volume m3

comprised of a Metre per second

Cubic metre per second
m/s
m3/s
speed, velocity
volumetric flow
ms1
m3s1
combination of the Metre per second square m/s2 acceleration ms2

seven base units. metre per second cubed m/s3 jerk, jolt ms3
metre per second to the
m/s4 snap, jounce ms4
fourth
radian per second rad/s angular velocity s1
radian per second
rad/s2 angular acceleration s2
squared
newton second Ns momentum, impulse mkgs1
newton metre second Nms angular momentum m2kgs1
newton metre Nm = J/rad torque, moment of force m2kgs2
newton per second N/s yank mkgs3
Uncertainty
There will always be uncertainty in every result of measurement.
Uncertainty is caused by the constant change of nature.
Experimental uncertainty: mistakes done during measurement
Sistematical uncertainty: mistakes done consistently calibration of tools
Scientists always includes uncertainty in their measurements.
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or
known value.
Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to
each other.
For example, if on average, your measurements for a given substance
are close to the known value, but the measurements are far from
each other, then you have accuracy without precision.