The Impact of Science and Technology (S&T)

For the Improvement of Economic Development

Efffective Capacity Building For Public Officials From OIC Member States
Malaysia, 13-21 August 2017
 Group 5: FANTASTIC FOUR
The Collective Voice of The Muslim World OIC Tagline

Mayada Mohamed Aref Fathir Fajar Sidiq Kunduz Musaeva Noor Azlina Saadin
EGYPT INDONESIA KYRGYZSTAN. MALAYSIA

GROUP LEADER
 FANTASTIC COMMENTATORS
The Collective Voice of The Muslim World OIC Tagline

Professor Shakila Professor Hazim Mr Abdulah Azmi Professor Khadijah

Chairperson MALAYSIA MALAYSIA MALAYSIA

MALAYSIA
 TABLE CONTENT

1 2 3
INTRODUCTION CASE STUDIES RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
Science & Technology Development:
a brief literature survey

The literature consistently shows that for advanced nations

there is a positive correlation between R&D intensity and
economic growth, measured by GDP, Total Factor Productivity
(TFP) and labor productivity.
Science & Technology Development:
a brief literature survey

Schumpeter (1911) stated that innovation pushes economic

development.

Rosenberg (1990) discusses why do firms do basic research, and

suggests that basic research is an entry ticket for a network of
information.

Klevorick et al. (1995) present empirical evidence about the role of

universities and science as an important source of technological
opportunities for industrial innovation.
Science & Technology Development:
a brief literature survey

Coccia (2012) shows the statistical correlation between R&D

expenditures and economic growth: an analysis of 65 countries
over the 1965-2005 period indicates that a 10% increase in R&D
per capita generates an average increase of about 1.6% in the
long-run TFP.

Technology is a crucial variable which can explain differences

among countries in growth rates, productivity, competitiveness,
job creation and well-being (Bashir et al. 2015).
The Impact of S&T on Economic Development
The OIC have acknowledged that the Muslim world is
facing a knowledge gap because of its deficiency in
science, technology and innovation.
They vision to achieve 14% of the worlds scientific
output by 2020, and 1.4% of GDP spent on R&D by
2020.
The Atlas of Islamic World Science and Innovation Final Report
https://royalsociety.org/~/media/policy/projects/atlas-islamic-world/atlas-final-report.PDF
Case Studies
EGYPT
Number of Scientific Papers
published in 2010

2010
Malaysia 524
UAE 448
Turkey 409
Jordan 344
Egypt 102
Research And Development Expenditure (% Of GDP)

Egypts total
investment in R&D,
just 5% comes from
non-governmental
sources.

This is among the

lowest contributions
anywhere.
According to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from
officially recognized sources.
 Wheat Production
In 1960, Egypt had been almost
self-sufficient in wheat
production.

By 1980, the country was importing about three- fourths of its wheat needs.

The rapidly widening food gap in Egypt, emphasizes the need for
research.
Wheat Imports
Agricultural Research Centre

In 1971, Presidential Decree # 2425 was issued establishing the

General Authority for Agricultural Research.

in 1983 Decree # 19 established ARC as a scientific research and

extension institution and gave its board general authority for
agricultural research and extension activities in Egypt.

ARC have 16 Research Institute , 13 Central labs, 10 Regional station,

36 specific research stations, 21 research administrations through
Egypt and 4 Research, Extension and training Centres of Excellence.
Agricultural Research Centre

One of the main Objectives of ARC is to Achieve sustainable

development through the implementation of modern technology to
achieve
the suitable use of agricultural natural resources,
fulfill the people needs and requirements and
improve the farmer's income.
Hassan et al. Economic returns from improved wheat technology in Upper
Egypt
How ST can be used in reducing the gap?

Water storage technologies.

Planting technology for increased water efficiency
Innovative packaging
Disease-resistant
There are some suggestions From wheat
initiatives

An integrated Wheat Information System that provide the

international wheat research community easy access to existing and
future genetic, genomic, phenotypic and agronomic data as well as
tools and services to visualize, analyze and connect the different types
of data.
The establishment of international cooperation where Wheat
research funders will have the opportunity to work together and
address grand challenges, from science to policy to farm to end-users.
There are some suggestions From wheat
initiatives

improving information and communication on wheat research and

development activities.

http://www.wheatinitiative.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/wheatinit
iative_visiondocument_0.pdf
Some of the main factors that affect the functionality of
agricultural research centres:

The lack of vision for agricultural researchers

leading to the production of research in line with
the national development priorities.

The lack of training opportunities for researchers.

Low pay of researchers
(Sholkamy, 2015)
MALAYSIA
 A Brief History Of Malaysian Science & Technology
1960s 1970s
Primary commodities:agriculture
1960s: Limited focus
1970s: Dedicated Ministry for
Science established as well as
the National Council for
Scientific Research and
Development (NCSRD)
1980s 1990s
Investment driven stage: shift to
manufacturing
STI Policy & Role of Government
1980s: First national STI policy; first chapter
on STI in Malaysia Plans; Intensification of
Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) grants
established
1990s: Multimedia Super Corridor; mega-
projects; national industrial technology
plan, MASTIC (Malaysian Science and
Technology Information Centre)
2000s 2010s
Focus towards knowledge
based/innovation economy
2000s: National Innovation Council;
Biotech strategy announced; IRPAs
streamlined
2010s: Year of Innovation - Talent
Corporation established; UNIK (Special
Innovation Unit), NTP (National
Transformation Policy 2012; generating
human capital excellence, creativity &
innovation) MAGIC (Malaysian Global
Innovation & Creativity Centre)
 Highlights of Malaysias Progress
Political Commitment the development of Vision 2020 (Malaysias blueprint to become a knowledge-based economy) was the first time STI
featured so strongly in Malaysias development plans.

STI advisory system Led by Tan Sri Datuk Dr Omar bin Abdul Rahman (1984 2001)
planning and coordination: the establishment of a Ministry for Science (1973), Academy of Sciences Malaysia (1995)
and National Councils at government and sector level
The appointment of a Science Adviser to the Prime Minister has improved STI planning and coordination.
The establishment of agencies such as the Malaysian Science and Technology Information Centre (MASTIC) in 1992 :
to tracking Malaysias progress.

STI infrastructure& funding and management of R&D: range of grants and financial incentives where secure funding base for STI is
Commercialization of needed - Venture capital funds were established in the 1980s,
Research and University (UTP in 1997 to focus on petroleum technology and engineering)
Technology technology parks: Kulim High Tech Park in 1993 ( hosts 23 companies, including branches of Fuji and Intel, and houses
16,000 employees, of which 4,000 are skilled professional), Technology Park Malaysia in 1996 (R&D-based
businesses), ICT-focused cluster of Cyberjayalocated within MSCwhich has attracted Dell, HP, Motorola and
Ericsson.

Mechanism for STI foundations were laid - to increase public engagement with science through community-focused activities. i.e. The
popularisation Academy of Sciences Malaysia
Smart partnership practices: increasingly focusing on national and international cooperation.

Source: Malaysia - The Atlas of Islamic World Science and Innovation

 How S&T is improved?
1980s - refocused economic development through:
steady increase in the flow of FDI;
home-grown industrialisation - the creation of national car, iron and steel and cement industries;
petroleum as a major source of income Malaysia is the third biggest oil reserve holder in the Asia-Pacific after China and
India, with reserves of over 4 billion barrels; and
natural commodities with palm oil replacing rubber as the main revenue source.

Identification of strengths and capacity in the country

People : leadership, good governance & relationship
Open Policy to attract FDIs & technology exchanges
Putting Country On The Map
- Petronas Twin Tower : Symbolize transformation into modern economy
- Smart Cities : Putrajaya & Cyberjaya
- Malaysias own Proton car company with a complementary Formula 1 circuit.
- KLIA
Sources:
Malaysia - The Atlas of Islamic World Science and Innovation
MASTIC website
 Cont
Propose R&D, Innovation & Growth Model

CHALLENGES
1) Good Governance
2) Good Leadership
3) People
4) Funding & Infrastructure

Source: Eleventh Malaysia Plan 2016-2020 (EPU, 2015)

collaborative efforts in R&D and commercialization among government, industry, and academic research centers
- promoting activities in economic clusters to ensure industrial sustainability.
 Global Innovation Index (2017)
Malaysia 37/127 (score: 42.7) Singapore: - 7 / 58.69: Hong Kong: 16 / 53.88

Global Innovation Index provides detailed metrics about the innovation performance of 127 countries and
economies around the world. Its 81 indicators explore a broad vision of innovation, including political
environment, education, infrastructure and business sophistication.
https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator

Source: TheGlobalEconomy.com The United Nations

Source: Malaysia - The Atlas of Islamic World Science and Innovation

 Articles & Patents
Total Contributio
Population
Country number of n (%) of 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Patents
(M)
articles total papers

Egypt 93829 9.72 7897 7750 6213 5505 4951 1360 74.17

Indonesia 15889 1.65 1630 1686 1264 1128 1052 994 228.87

Kyrgyz 345 0.04 29 26 40 31 38 14 5.26

Malaysia 61541 6.38 10868 10351 7286 4802 4048 6393 26.11

Total number of articles published by researchers of OIC members, percent of contribution, number of articles published
in the last five years, total number of patents indexed in ScopusTM and the population

Source: Khoubnasabjafari, M & et.al (2012) ,Research Performances of Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) Members
retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648927/
 Researcher per 10,000 labour force

Source: UNESCO institute for statistic from STI indicator Report 2013

58.2 researchers per 10k labour force is still below of that of many advanced economies such as Singapore (127.4)
Invest on R&D sufficiently that can lead to greater economic growth
 Success Story : Palm Oil Industry
Malaysia is the worlds second largest producer of palm oil after
Indonesia.
the economic potential here is significant and oil palm is big business
in Malaysia.
The tree produces up to eight times more oil than any other tropical or
temperate oil crop.
Extracted from fruit bunches, the oil is found in a tenth of everyday
supermarket products and used as a feedstock for applications like
biofuel production.

Sources:
MPOB website
Source: Malaysia - The Atlas of Islamic World Science and Innovation
 Establishment of the RIGHT Institute and CLEAR objectives
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)
- funds the Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre to spearhead its
development of the crop.
- carries out a wide range of research from traditional breeding and selection
work to tissue culture, genomics, genetic engineering and phenolic.
- Forged a number of partnerships with world-class institutions (including MIT,
and the John Innes Centre in the UK).

Source: MPOB website

GOOD LEADERSHIP, GOOD GOVERNANCE & COLLABORATION

 THE GROWTH AND DIVERSITY OF PALM OIL INDUSTRY THROUGH S&T
Malaysian Palm Oil Board
(MPOB)
Palm Oil Research
Institute of Malaysia
(PORIM)
Malaysian Palm Oil Council
Source: Malaysia - The Atlas of Islamic World Science and Innovation (MPOC)
 S&T : Highlights

Kulim Hi-Tech Park: Hi-tech manufacturing multinationals (Intel, Fuji

Electric, First Solar, Panasonic)

Cyberjaya ICT hub: Dell, HP, DHL and Shell

Malaysia Tech Park: R&D based-business (ICT, Engineering and

Biotech, Telecommunication & Support Services
MaGIC Malaysian Global Innovation & Creativity Centre
KYRGYZSTAN
Introduction: Kyrgyz Republic
Science and Technology Development in
Kyrgyz Republic

Science and Technology (S&T) may give impact on society

development in various aspects such as economy, politic, social,
gender etc.
The Key question in this is what impact Science and Technology
can bring to society?
Will this development help human to be better and re-think on
his inner world and enrich his understanding of entire world?
Or is it just an instrument that will make humans life more
comfortable?
Science and Technology Development in
Kyrgyz Republic
In the current situation, the S&T foundation of
Kyrgyz Republic is in the bad shape, near-catastrophe
situation since the collapse of former USSR.
During USSR period, Kyrgyz Republic has got a lot of
developed science and technological institutions and
organizations such in various scientific fields: geological,
biological, geochemical, agricultural and many others.
 Since Year 2000, Government has put S&T on its
Sustainable and Stability Programme Vision 2030 as
a key factor in developing long run plans where each
milestone are divided into five year plans.

On of the main key players of this development of S&T

in this plan is National Academy of Science (NAS)
which was established in 1954.
Kyrgyz Republic
Strategic Plans 2030
Keep sovereignty and build strong state foundation
Unity of Nation
Environment
Macro-economical stability
Regional development
Transparency
Energy
Defense technology
Food security
Regional Integration
 According to the statistics issued by UNESCO (2012) , Kyrgyz Republics
research and remuneration of scientists on R&D is 0.16% from total GDP and
was ranked in number 74, which shows that the country doesnt fully
emphasis on S&T.
Due to economical constrains, National Academy of Science has reduced its
members from 6000 to 1600 in 2016. Such situation has apparently taken
places in other research institutions all over the country.
On the other hand, according to the International Science Ranking , the
Science Research Papers of Kyrgyz Republic is in ranking 143.
Kyrgyz Republic shows that even the country has these issues but it still
contributes to the science and technology of the world.
CURRENT SITUATION

The contributions of the S&T of Kyrgyz Republic are in applied fields

as below:

Hydro-Energy Power Plant

Agricultural Sector
Geological Engineering on Mining
Rare Metal Development, etc.
Hydro Energy Power Plant
Hydro Energy Power Plant
Hydro Energy Power Plant
Kyrgyz Republic has huge hydro resources from fast current
rivers.

There are 21 hydro power plants with overall power of 3071

megawatt.

It is said that Kyrgyz Republic has the potential of 18.5 million

kW/h in power and 142.5 billion kW/h in energy.
Hydro Energy Power Plant
But, Kyrgyz Republic just developed only 9% (14.9 billion kW/h)
of its whole potential.

30% of total hydro energy production is exported to the

neighboring countries.

Currently, Kyrgyz Republic with Russian Federation are planning

to build a new hydro plant that half of its production will be
exported to Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The Impact for the Improvement of
Economic Development

Providing cheap energy for house holds

Main source of energy in textile industry
Main source of energy in mining industry
Employment or Job Opportunity
Technology transfer through trainings with international partners
 INDONESIA
A brief history of science, technology, and innovation in Indonesia
was dated back in 1970s when President Soeharto and Professor BJ
Habibie, Soehartos science and technology minister, push the
agenda of scientific development forward. Habibie briefly became
President in 1998 after Soehartos regime ended, leaving office in
1999.
R&D Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2009

 Number of Researchers

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2009

 Number of Research Papers

Country Total number Ranking Number of

of research top 10%
papers
papers ranking
Singapore 25,763 31 24
Malaysia 16,971 39 39
Thailand 16,054 40 40
Vietnam 3,486 59 67
Indonesia 2,921 62 63
The Philippines 2,318 67 59
Cambodia 406 115 100
Laos 258 128 131
Brunei 174 140 138
Myanmar 148 146 159
Source: Benchmarking of Scientific Research 2012
 Universities in ASEAN Countries in QS World University Ranking
Ranking University Country
22 National University of Singapore Singapore
31 University of Tokyo Japan
31 Seoul National University South Korea
39 Nanyang Technological University Singapore
57 Peking University China
151 University of Malaya Malaysia
243 Chulalongkorn University Thailand
257 Mahidol University Thailand
259 University Kebangsaan Malaysia Malaysia
294 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Malaysia
309 Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia
310 University of Indonesia Indonesia
367 University of the Philippines The Philippines
376 Universiti Putra Malaysia Malaysia
461470 Bandung Institute of Technology Indonesia
461470 Ateneo de Manila University The Philippines
501550 Chiang Mai University Thailand
Source: QS World University Rankings2014/15
 PATENTS
Comparing the data for 2012, the number of patents
obtained in Indonesia was approximately 6,000, while it
was 343,000 in Japan and 543,000 in US.

CRDS. 2014. Current Status on Science and Technology in

ASEAN Countries, Center for Research and Development
Strategy, Japan Science and Technology Agency.
Subak, the irrigation system of Bali (terracing)
Shipbuilding Technology, Pinisi Boat
Traditional knowledge in Food Fermentation,
Tempe
In the 1980s, Tjokorda Raka Sukawati, an Indonesian engineer,
invented a road construction technique called Sosrobahu,
pantented in 1995
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, a former Indonesian
president, the pioneer of Indonesias aircraft,
CN-235
Prof. Dr. Eng Ilham Akbar Habibie,
R-80 & R-100, future Indonesias aircraft
Indonesia
Strategic Plans (Long Term Goals 2005-2025)
Food Security
Energy
Transport
Information and Communication Technology
Defence and Security Technology
Health
Advanced Material
Recommendations
COLLABORATION BETWEEN OIC COUNTRIES

ESTABLISHMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE

HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

ENTREPENEURSHIP

NATIONAL SCIENCE FUND

INCENTIVE INNOVATIVE RESEARCH

EMPOWERING EDUCATION

REMUNERATE RESEARCHERS

REDUCE BUREAUCRACY

Science without religion is
lame religion without science
is blind
Albert Einstein
 Shukron
Terima Kasih
Thank You
Rahmat
 Manal
Godfrey
Yaqoub: contributed to GDP education shifting process
State driven
Indigineous science
Case study own background
Submit proposals as a whole
One size fits all solution
Commonalities strategies science and technology policy
Data on S&T .. Royal Atlas Society