COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF MACHINING AND

MECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC TREATED

AND NON TREATED HSS TOOL ON EN24 STEEL
 ABSTRACT

Sub-zero treatment of tool steels is included within the cycle of conventional heat
treatment. This kind of heat treatment has been reported to improve wear
resistance of tools.
Studies on cryogenically treated HSS tools show micro structural changes in
material that can influence tool lives. However little research has been done on HSS
cutting tool materials. After Cryogenic treatment of HSS machining parameters on
EN24 steel has yet to be extensively studied.
In these applications, percentage of retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of
the material. A comparative study of Various Sub Zero treated HSS tool with non treated
HSS tool on EN24 steel machining properties and micro structure analysis. Cryogenic
treatment improves hardness, microstructure of metal (retained austenite to marten site),
dimensional stability and decreases residual stresses.
 OBJECTIVE

To make a comparative study on the hardness and

wear resistance of cryogenically treated HSS samples
with that of untreated tools.
To study the effect of different cutting parameters
on the tool life of cryogenically treated tool (HSS)
and development of tool life equations employing
design of experiment (DOE) technique.
To study the microstructural changes.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

N. R. Dhar et al [8] et al has conducted

experiment on cutting temperature, surface
roughness, tool wear, and
dimensional deviation in cryogenic machining The present
work shows the experimental investigation in the role of
cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jet on tool wear,
cutting temperature, dimensional deviation and surface
finish in turning of AISI 1060 steel at industrial speed-
feed combination by coated carbide insert. The results of
the present work indicate substantial benefit of cryogenic
cooling on tool life, surface finish and dimensional
deviation.
 Muammer Nalbant et al. [20] in his
experiment founds cutting condition affects the
maximum cutting forces and torque. The maximum
cutting force and torque in cryogenic machining are
observed to be more than those in dry cutting of
about 3.3% to 6.5% and 7.9%. Also Cutting speeds
affect the maximum cutting forces and the maximum
cutting torque. Cutting forces increase with
increasing cutting speed. However, the maximum
cutting torque decreases with increasing cutting
speed.
 INTRODUCTION

The cutting tool is one of the important elements in realizing

the full potential out of any metal cutting operation.
As manufacturers continually seek and apply new
manufacturing materials that are lighter and stronger and
therefore more fuel efficient it follows that cutting tools must
be so developed that can machine new materials at the highest
possible productivity. The most important elements in the
design of cutting tools is the material construction and there
judicious selection.
Tool wear occurs by one or more complex mechanisms which
includes abrasive wear, chipping at the cutting edge, thermal
cracking etc. Since most of these processes are greatly
accelerated by increased temperatures, the more obvious
requirements for tool materials are improvements in physical,
mechanical and chemical properties at elevated temperature.
 REQUIRED TOOL PROPERTIES

Capacity to retain form stability at elevated

temperatures during high cutting speeds.
Cost and ease of fabrication
High resistance to brittle fracture
Resistance to diffusion
Resistance to thermal and mechanical shock
 DEVELOPMENT OF HSS TOOL

Traditional tool materials such as HSS continue to undergo

substantial improvement in there properties through suitable
modifications in their composition by optimizing the
processing technique as well as incorporating various surface
treatments.
As a result of these technological advances HSS are still in use
having surviving competition from carbides and ceramics.
Carbide because of the ability to retain its strength and
hardness at very high temperatures, to withstand cutting
speeds 6 or more than 6 times higher than tools of HSS and
the economical price has become a logical choice of many
cutting industries.
However with the incorporation of suitable surface
treatments, its service life as well as its properties can be
enhanced even more.
 VARIOUS TREATMENT ON HSS TOOL

TREATMENTS COVERING SURFACES:

Organic coatings such as paints, cements, laminates, fused powders,
lubricants, or floor toppings on the surfaces of materials
Inorganic coating such as electroplating, autocatalytic platings (electroless
platings), conversion coatings, thermal sprayings, hot dippings, furnace
fusing, or coat thin films on the surfaces of the materials (PVD and CVD)

TREATMENTS ALTERING SURFACES:

High energy treatments such as ion implantation, laser glazing/fusion,
and electron beam treatment.
Diffusion treatments include boronizing, and other high temperature
reaction processes, e.g., TiC, VC.
Hardenings such as flame, induction, laser or electron beam
Heavy diffusion treatments include carburizing, nitriding, and carbo
nitriding
Special treatments such as CRYOGENIC, magnetic and sonic treatment
 M6 HSS TOOL COMPOSITION

ELEMENTS %COMPOSITION

C 0.8

Cr 4.1

Mo 5

V 1.5

W 4.25

Co 12
 PROCESS METHODOLOGY:
CRYOGENIC TREATED MATERIAL TEST FLOW:

MATERIAL SELECTION(EN24 , HSS TOOL)

APPLIED ON CRYOGENIC TREATMENT

HARDNESS TEST

IMPACT TEST, MICRO STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS WITH TREATED AND NON

TREATED TOOL REPORT
 CRYOGENIC TREATMENT

In the cryogenic treatment, to optimize the metallurgical

aspects by material to be treated under very cold low
temperature for a predetermined period of time to obtain
the metallurgical crystalline structure of the material to
improve the hardness, wear resistance etc. and to
reduction in residual stresses, which improves the
stability during the machining.
The cryogenic treatment consists of slow cooling of
conventionally hardened steel samples to a prescribed
temperature, soaking for certain duration, followed by
slow heating back to the room temperature for
subsequent tempering. It is already patented the rate of
cooling for some steels by the investigators.
 PARAMETERS

CUTTING VELOCITY
DEPTH OF CUT
FEED RATE
CUTTING CONDITION
WORK PIECE MATERIAL (EN24)
 TESTING PROCESS

TOUGHNESS
HARDNESS
Micro Structure analysis
 CRYOGENIC TREATMENT ADVANDAGES:

Transforms almost all soft retained austenite to hard marten site,.

Increases abrasive wear resistance,

Increases tensile strength, toughness and stability,

Decreases residual stresses,

Effective Micro Structural changes.

Decreases brittleness,

The result is a larger contact surface area that reduces friction, heat and wear

Increases durability or wear life,

Used for coated as well as uncoated tool steel.

Reduction of ideal time of machine parts for replacement.