Hasimah Azit

Respiration Overview

EXTERNAL

TRANSPORTATION

INTERNAL
 ENERGY REQUIREMENT
FOR:
Muscle contraction
Active transport
Transmission of nerves
Formation of new organelle
Cell division
Maintain body temperature
Cellular respiration is the
process in which energy-rich
molecules such as glucose are
converted into energy usable for
life processes
 The process occurs in gradual
steps that result in the conversion
of the energy stored in glucose to
usable chemical energy in the
form of ATP
Waste products (CO2 + H2O) are
released through exhaled air,
sweat and urine
 Cellular respiration

Substrate for energy production:

Glucose obtain from food
Oxygen - from air
 Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
 Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in
order to generate energy.

36 ATP molecules can be made per

glucose

reactions take place in the mitochondria

mitochondria
 Chemical equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

released (2898 kJ/mol)

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide +

water + E
 Anaerobic respiration
Activities like sprinting require
levels of energy that are greater
than the body can produce with
the aerobic (with oxygen)
metabolism.
For these activities, the body
relies on anaerobic (without
oxygen) processes.
 Lactic acid is a byproduct of
anaerobic metabolism.

It builds up to high levels within

the muscles and eventually leads
to fatigue during these high
intensity activities.
 Anaerobic respiration
In the absence of oxygen
Glucose undergoes a process of
fermentation.
in the cytoplasm
In human cells the waste product is lactic
acid.
2 ATP are produced during anaerobic
respiration per glucose
 Chemical reaction for
Anaerobic in muscle

C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + E (150kJ mol1)

[Glucose] [lactic acid] + Energy
 Lactic acid will build up causes fatigue
Fast and deep breathing supply extra
oxygen to :
breakdown lactic acid into CO2 and H2O
Converted back to glycogen
The amount of O2 needed = oxygen debt
 Anaerobic in yeast
In yeast, the waste product is ethanol and
carbon dioxide

Discuss:
The important of ethanol and carbon dioxide
production for human
 Comparison
Between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration:
Place
Reaction
Product
Energy produced
 Characteristic of respiratory
surfaces
Large surface area for gas exchange
Thin respiratory surface, one layer
epithelial cells that allow oxygen and
carbon dioxide to exchange.
respiratory surfaces must be moist, gases
can only cross cell membranes when they
are dissolved in water or an aqueous
solution
Insect respiratory structure
 Tracheal system
spiracles - openings on the sides of the thorax
and abdomen
usually one pair of spiracles per segment
The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular
exoskeleton that branch throughout the body
with diameters from only a few micrometers up
to 0.8mm.
The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells
and serve as sites of diffusion for oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Fish respiratory structure
gills
 Fish gills
The gills of bony fishes are covered by an
operculum. They are four in number with
intervening gill slits
Branches of the afferent and efferent branchial
arteries pass out to the tip of a gill filament on
each side. A rich capillary network, cross-
connecting these branches and at right angles to
them, occupies each lamella.
the water flows directly opposite to the flow of
blood in the lamellar capillaries.
 Amphibian
Frogs have three respiratory surfaces :
skin:
Frogs can breathe through their skin while they are
in wet places.
They can also exchange gases between the blood
vessels in it, and with its outer environment.
There are also mucus glands in the skin, these
keep the skin moist.
Their skin absorbs a lot of dissolved oxygen from
the surrounding atmosphere.
 the thin membranes lining its mouth and
pharynx.
the lungs.

Adult frogs have poorly developed lungs. Their

lungs are used on dry land while the frogs are
active.
Gas exchanged by the lungs is used to make the
vocal cords vibrate. They are located in the larynx,
and are necessary for the sound generated by a
frog.
 The frog inhales and exahales
When the frog breathes, the air enters the
mouth. The floor of the mouth drops, and the
external nares open.
The floor of the mouth rises and falls in a
rhythmic pattern. These movements are
interrupted by a rapid expansion and
contraction of the sides of the body wall at
less frequent intervals.
At rest, frogs usually breathe through the
lining of the mouth. This process only fills the
lung occasionally.
Human respiratory structure
 General structure of
human respiratory system
 The lungs are large, lobed, paired
organs
in the thoracic cavity
Thin sheets of epithelium (pleura)
separate the inside of the chest
cavity from the outer surface of
the lungs.
The bottom of the thoracic cavity
is formed by the diaphragm.
Lung
 Bronchi are reinforced by cartilage ring to
prevent their collapse

They are lined with ciliated epithelium and

mucus-producing cells.

Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller

tubes known as bronchioles.
 Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac
clusters known as alveoli.

Alveoli are surrounded by a network of

thin-walled capillaries.

Only about 0.2 m separate the alveoli

from the capillaries due to the extremely
thin walls of both structures.
alveolus
 Ventilation
the mechanics of breathing in and out
inhalation,
muscles in the chest wall contract,
lifting the ribs and pulling them, outward
diaphragm at this time moves downward
enlarging the chest cavity
Reduced air pressure in the lungs causes
air to enter the lungs.
 Exhalation
muscles in the chest wall relax,
lifting the ribs and pulling them, outward
diaphragm at this time moves downward
enlarging the chest cavity
Increased air pressure in the lungs causes
air to exit the lungs.
 Diffusion is the movement of materials
from a higher to a lower concentration.

The differences between oxygen and

carbon dioxide concentrations are
measured by partial pressures.

The greater the difference in partial

pressure the greater the rate of diffusion.
Gas exchange alveolus
 Gas exchange
Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus is
higher than in alveolar blood capillaries
Oxygen from the air dissolve in water
[moist] at alveoli lining and diffuse in blood
Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood
cells to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Oxyhaemoglobin is carried to all body cells
by blood circulation
From cell to blood
Carbon dioxide - transported from
the body cells back to the lungs as:
1 - bicarbonate (HCO3) - 60%
formed when CO2 (released by cells making
ATP) combines with H2O
2 - carbaminohemoglobin - 30%
formed when CO2 combines with hemoglobin
(hemoglobin molecules that have given up
their oxygen)
3 - dissolved in the plasma - 10%
 Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction,
from capillary blood to alveolar air.

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is

higher than in the alveoli

Carbon dioxide diffuse out to the alveoli

Exhalation follows, to get rid of the carbon

dioxide and completing the cycle of respiration.
From blood to alveolus
What are differences between
inhaled and exhaled air?
 Regulatory mechanism
After vigorous exercise the rate of
respiration increase and heartbeat
increase
To supply more oxygen to the muscle
To eliminate more carbon dioxide from the
muscle
 Resting stage
Breathing rate = 16 18 breaths/minute
Heartbeat rate = 60 80 beats/minute

After activities
Breathing rate = 30 40 breaths/minute
Heartbeat rate = 120 150 beats/minute
Regulatory mechanism of O2 and CO2
Vigorous exercise = concentration in the blood
CO2 increase
CO2 dissolve in water forming carbonic acid
pH blood drop
Detected by central chemoreceptor in medulla
oblongata
Nerve impulse send to respiratory centre
Resp. cen. send impulse to intercostal muscle
and diaphragm
Ventilation increase
 Water
CO2 Carbonic acid pH

Detected by

Central chemoreceptor
[medulla oblongata]

Impulse send

Respiratory centre

Impulse send

Intercostals muscle diaphragm

Ventilation faster CO2 eliminate faster

 Respiration in plant
Occurs all the time
In daylight photosynthesis produces plenty
of oxygen
Used by plant in respiration processes
At night O2 from atmosphere is used for
respiration
Compare respiration and
photosynthesis