Transformer

Presented by
DHEERENDRA UPADHYAY ( EN 3rd yr )

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

HINDUSTAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
 What is Transformer ??
A transformer is a
static device which is
use to convert high
alternatic voltage to
a low alternatic
voltage and vice
versa, keeping the
frequency same.
 Principle Of Operation
Transformer works on the
principle of mutual
induction of two coils.
When current in the
primary coil is changed the
flux linked to the secondary
coil also changes.
Consequently an EMF is
induced in the secondary
coil.
 What is Induction law ??
Faradays law states that:

Vs=Ns.d/dt
where VS is the instantaneous secondry
winding voltage.
NS is the number of turns in the secondary
coil.
 Working.
When the primary winding is connected to an
ac supply mains, current flows through
it. winding produces an alternating flux in
the core. Since this flux is alternating and
links with the secondary winding also, so
induces an emf in the secondary winding. The
frequency of induced emf in secondary
winding is the same as that of the flux or that
of the supply voltage. The induced emf in the
secondary winding enables it to deliver
current to an external load connected across
it. Thus the energy is transformed from
primary winding to the secondary winding by
means of electro-magnetic induction without
any change in frequency.
 Construction of Transformer

Mainly Transformers have

two types of
construction.

CORE type construction

SHELL type construction

 Core type Transformer
In the Core type
the primary and
secondary windings
are placed on each
side of the core.
The core type has
two limbs
 Shell type Transformer
In Shell type
transformers the
LV & HV
windings are
sandwiched
between each other.
shell type has three
limbs.
 Types of Transformer
Step UP Transformer :
A transformer in which Ns>Np is called a step up
transformer. A step up transformer is a transformer which
converts low alternatic voltage to high alternatic voltage.
Step DOWN Transformer :
A transformer in which Np>Ns is called a step down
transformer. A step down transformer is a transformer
which converts high alternatic voltage to low alternatic
voltage.
 A wide variety of transformer designs are
used for different applications.
Auto-transformer
Poly-phase transormer
Leakage transformer
Resonant transformer
Instrument transformers
 AUTO-TRANSFORMERS

Autotransformer is a
one winding
transformer in which
a part of the winding
is common to both
HV & LV sides.
 POLY-PHASE TRANSFORMER
Three separate single phase
transformers are suitably
connected for 3 phase
operation.
A single three phase
transformer in which the
cores and windings for all
the three phases are
combined in a single
structure.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
A current transformer is A voltage
a measurement device transformer are
designed to provide a designed to have an
current in its secondary accurately known
coil proportional to the transformation ratio
current flowing in its in both magnitude
primary.
and phase, over a
range of measuring
circuit impedances..
Transformer equivalent circuit
 Losses In Transformers.
Iron Losses These are the
hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss, constant loss.
Each time the magnetic field is
reversed, a small amount of
energy is lost due
to hysteresis within the core.
The eddy current loss is a
complex function of the square
of supply frequency and
inverse square of the material
thickness
Copper Loss :Current
flowing through the
windings
causes resistive
heating of the
conductors. At higher
frequencies, skin
effect and proximity
effect create
additional winding
resistance and losses.
 Testing
Open circuit test

Short circuit test

 Applications
POWER TRANSMISSION :
A major application of transformers is to increase voltage
before transmitting electrical energy over long distances
through wires. Wires have resistance and so dissipate
electrical energy at a rate proportional to the square of the
current through the wire. By transforming electrical power to
a high-voltage (and therefore low-current) form for
transmission and back again afterward, transformers enable
economical transmission of power over long distances .
IN ELECTRONICS :
Transformers are also used extensively
in electronic products to step down the
supply voltage to a level suitable for the low
voltage circuits they contain. The transformer
also electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supply voltage .
 THERMIC POWER
STATIONS
The transformer steps up
the generator voltage
(400V or 690V for low
power stations, 6.3kV or
11kV for higher power
stations) in order to
adapt it to the network
voltage (generally 20kV)
 Caution
Transformer must not be connected to a direct source. If the
primary winding of a transformer is connected to a dc supply
mains, the flux produced will not vary but remain constant in
magnitude and therefore no emf will be induced in the
secondary winding except at the moment of switching on.
Thus the transformer can not be employed for raising or
lowering the dc voltage. Also there will be no back induced
emf in the primary winding and therefore a heavy current
will be drawn from the supply mains which may result in the
burning out of the winding.