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fumaroles
1. NEUTRALIZATION OF MAGMA GAS
IN HOST ROCK AT DEEP LOCATION
GEOINDICATORS
Chemically reactive, non-conservative species
(respond to changes in environment - used to infer about the physico-
chemical processes during the ascent of water to surface, also used in
geothermometry applications)
e.g. Na, K, Mg, Ca, SiO2, take part in the temperature dependent
interaction with rock
USEFULL OF WATER CHEMISTRY
S % Cl = CCl/S x 100
C = mg/kg
Solutes: Major Anions
Chloride seawater Cl Bicarbonate
19,350 mg/kg
~50 to ~20,000 mg/kg <1 to several 1000 mg/kg
(to ~200,000 mg/kg in (for most purposes,
hypersaline brines) effectively the same as
alkalinity)
Sources: traces of Na-K-Cl in volcanic
Sources: reactions of
rocks (seawater origins), connate
dissolved CO2 from
seawater in sedimentary rocks, halite
deposits atmosphere and/or in
geothermal/volcanic
Sulfate steam, with silicate
minerals in rocks, with
~10 to ~1500 mg/kg carbonate minerals
(limestone)
(to ~100,000 mg/kg in acid
volcanic steam condensates
Sources: oxidized sulfide
minerals and H2S, sulfate
mineral deposits (gypsum,
anhydrite)
Extremes of volcanic and steam
heated are acidic (no HCO3)
14
Rb-Li-Cs trilinier graph
Position of data point = S =
where,
mc is the molality of cation
ma is the molality of anion
z is the charge, like z Cl- = 1 z Mg2+= 2
If CBE 5%, the results are appropriate to use in any kind of interpretation
CBE = 3,8 %
RECALCULATION OF SURFACE DATA TO AQUIFER CONDITION
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES DURING PHASE SEPARATION
BASIC PRINCIPLES
CONDUCTIVE Cooling
Heat loss while travelling through cooler rocks
ADIABATIC Cooling
Boiling because of decreasing hydrostatic head
(steam losss / evaporation)
Conductive cooling
does not by itself change the composition of the water
but may affect its degree of saturation with respect to several
minerals
thus, it may bring about a modification in the chemical
composition of the water by mineral dissolution or
precipitation
-hot water when traveling to the surface with flowrate 0,4 l/s from 1 km
deep will reduce half of temperature (Thruesdell 1977)
Conductive Cooling
Flow 26 kg/min will would cool conductive
200 100 oC during vertical ascent from a
depth 1000 m
Na-K , Na-K-Ca and isotop in H20-SO4 no re-eq
or without correction
Cl and Na not reaction with rock and no
change concentration
K/Mg will re equilibrium
SiO2 follow the temperatur changes
Adiabatic cooling (Cooling by boiling)
causes changes in the composition of ascending water
these changes include
degassing, and hence
the increase in the solute content as a result of
steam loss.
Examples : - Silica
- ratio Na/K pada geothermometer
Mixing Model ; Silica and Conservative Constituen
l ine
g
i xin
M
Mixing with Groundwater
Conductive cooling
WB
CHLORIDE-ENTHALPY MIXING MODEL
ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR
TEMPERATURE
Conductive cooling
Black Sand-type Waters
D = maximum Cl content
Bo
ilin
E = minimum Cl content
g
F = minimum enthalpy at
the reservoir WB
Enthalpy of steam at 100 C =
2676 J/g (Henley et al., 1984)
CHLORIDE-ENTHALPY MIXING MODEL
ORIGIN OF WATERS
Chloride
138800
138600 L H D -9
L H D -1 0
L H D -1 4
138400 L H D -8
L H D -1 5 L H D -1 2
138200
NW
-S L H D -1 1
138000 E
KA
S UR
AT
A N
FA
137800 UL
T
Cl CONS ?
steam
G steam
F
C
EXERCISE : N
-HOT WATER
500 PPM Cl
-Y = O,2
-GW , 50PPM Cl
- MIXING 20 % GW
H H
Hot
hotwater
waterundergoing
undergoing
Conductive
conductive cooling
cooling
Hot water
hot water steam
steam
Mix water
mixed undergoing
water undergoing
mixwater
mixed water
Coldwater
cold res
water reservoir conductive
Conductive cooling
cooling
Residual
residual liquid
liquid fromfrom boiling
boiling
Hotwater
hot water res
reservoir Residual
residualliquid
liquidundergoing
undergoing
conductive cooling
Secunder Mineral and temperature
Silica Solubility
Reaction with water :
pH3
OH + OH 0 OH - OH 2-
Si Si Si Si
H2 O OH HO OH O OH O OH
OH OH OH O
PointofZeroCharge
Silicaissoluble
athighpH
SiO2
precipitationofsilica silicates
Precipitationofsilica
100%
80 Si(OH) 4
SiO(OH) 3 -
60
SiO 2 (OH) 2 2-
40
20
6 8 10 12 pH
Solubility Various of Silica
A = Amorphouds Silica
B= beta Cristobalite
C = Alpha Cristobalite
E = Quartz
SILICA GEOTHERMOMETERS
Effect of Mixing
Hot-Water High SiO2 content
Cold-Water Low SiO2 content
(Temperature Silica solubility )
based on the
experimentally determined
temperature dependent
variation in the solubility of silica in water
pH
Dissolved SiO2 (for pH>7.6)
Temperature Estimate
e.g.
At low T (C)
qtz less soluble
amorph. silica more soluble
e.g.
T = 1309 / (5.19 log C) - 273.15
C = SiO2 in ppm
increase in C (SiO2 in water > SiO2 in reservoir)
decrease in denominator of the equation
increase in T
e.g.
T = 1309 / (5.19 log C) - 273.15
C = SiO2 in ppm
decrease in C (SiO2 in water < SiO2 in reservoir)
increase in denominator
decrease in T
Distribution Gas in Vapo and liquid
CHLORIDE-ENTHALPY MIXING MODEL
ORIGIN OF WATERS