SEMINAR

On

IMPACTS OF TOURISM
ON HISTORIC TOWN
-Tools for assessing Carrying Capacity &
Economic Impact

By
Manjula Shyam Sundar
AIM
To attain a balanced development that integrates tourism related
development of the community and to enhance the environment and
quality of life of the residents of a historic area, it is necessary to
derive a methodology to objectively assess existing potentials and to
identify possible impact.

OBJECTIVES
Assessment of the existing resources of the community in terms of
built heritage, natural settings and human resources.

Assessment of the carrying capacity of the community for tourism

related development in terms of social, environmental and physical
impacts.

Assessment of the economic impact that tourism can cause in the

town.
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

1. Introduction on heritage tourism and Conservation

Heritage tourism &

Conservation

2. How to measure 3. Impacts of

tourism Carrying tourism
Capacity?
4. Economic
Impact
Assessment
5. Conclusion – Evolving a methodology for analysis
 Heritage
Tourism &
Conservation
 ATTRACTIONS OF A HERITAGE TOWN
•The Physical attractiveness
of buildings, streetscape,
townscapes views and vistas;
•To become part of a
traditional life;
•Light Industries
Life in Old Lahore
Old Building •Life Within
Lahore
•Human Scale

•Walk able
distance
Life in Old Delhi
Castle, Conway
 WHAT IS HERITAGE TOURISM?

Heritage tourism is defined as that “centered on what

we have inherited, which can mean anything from
historic buildings, to art works, to beautiful scenery.”
Yale (1991)
Heritage tourism is defined as that form motivated by
the heritage characteristics of a site.
(Palmer 1998; Swarbrooke 1994).
Museums that “give information about the Viking
period” to be part of heritage tourism, based purely
on the fact that they present history.
Halewood and Hannam, (2001)
 ROLE OF TOURISM IN URBAN CONSERVATION OF
HERITAGE TOWNS
•Conservation of less •Adaptive Reuse of redundant
important buildings. buildings for tourist accommodation.

A holiday home, near Devigarh Fort Palace, Udaipur

Tremolat (France) •Revenue generation through entry fee
•Well conserved buildings
encourage new projects to
come up.
•Community awareness of
the benefits of conservation. Mysore Palace, Entry fees Rs. 10
 “The threshold limit a community can hold tourism related
development”

Tourism Carrying
Capacity
1. Defining Carrying STEPS FOR STUDYING
Capacity CARRYING CAPACITY

2. Requirements 3. Indicators
•Indicators Require study
To Study
•Threshold for of indicators
Carrying
indicators used in past
Capacity
studies

5. Study of 4. Thresholds for indicators

methods for •Require Study of Standards
measurement •Resident and Visitor
of carrying perception for determining
capacity case specific thresholds

Case Studies
 DEFINITION OF CARRYING CAPACITY

“Carrying Capacity is defined as the maximum number of

people who could use a site without unacceptable alteration
in the physical environment and without an unacceptable
decline in the quality of the experience gained by visitors”.
(Mathesion & Wall
1982)
Tourism Carrying Capacity of a site is defined as the
range of tourists and the associated development a
community can hold without disrupting its environmental
quality, traditional economic sectors and the quality of
visitor experience, at a particular time period.
 SELECTION OF INDICATORS
Selection of Indicators depend on which components of carrying
capacity are studied and on the destination characteristics
•Components of Carrying Capacity
Ecological capacity
Physical capacity

Social capacity
Economic capacity
Visitor capacity

Political capacity

•Based on destination Characteristics

Historical settlements and towns
Protected
Areas
 INDICATORS USEDIN THE PAST STUDIES
•Travel intensity index (Lundberg 1974):
Ratio of visitors to population
•Ratio of the number of hotel jobs to number of visitors
(Ken Ka`imi Stokes)

•Tourism Intensity Rate (Harrison 1992)

Number of visitors
Population per 1000 X Sq Km of total arable
area

•Tourism Penetration Ratio (Albuquerque and McElroy 1992)

Visitors × the average length of stay
Population × 365

•Tourism Density Ratio (Albuquerque and McElroy 1992)

Visitors X Average length of stay
 TO ESTABLISH THRESHOLD LIMITS

Average individual space standard is 3 acres per person

E.P ODUM
Beach area requirement per tourist is 15 Sqm
WILLIAM TRUSDALE
To determine thresholds for social carrying capacity,
perception studies is required
 CASE STUDY- I CARRYING CAPACITY FOR
RECREATIONAL WATER USE

Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC)

Definition: The maximum number of users that can

physically fit into or onto a defined water resource, over
a particular time.

Formula: PCC = A x U/a x Rf

Where: A = available area for public use

U/a = area required per user
Rf = rotation factor (number of
visits/day)
CASE STUDY- II
CARRYING CAPACITY STUDY FOR BOROCACY
ISLAND, PHILIPPINES

Research done by: William Trusdale

Number of parameters 5, Number of indicators 16 .
1. Physical- water quantity & quality
2. Tourist perceptions- beach crowding
3. Resident Perceptions
4. Transport
5. Governance

Indicator for physical capacity of land to accommodate tourists

Number of tourists = Area of developable land (in ha) X Units per ha X
density per unit
=130 X 40X 2.3 = 11960 TO
=150 X 48 X 2. 3 = 16560 persons
Carrying capacity of major tourist attraction

In this case beach is the main tourist attraction

Total beach requirement per tourist is 15 Sqm

Number of tourists = Total Beach Area

Total Beach requirement per tourists

Observations
From this study it is seen that the tourism carrying capacity
of a town depends on the carrying capacity of the major
attraction.
CASE STUDY- III BEACH CARRYING
CAPACITY
Research done by: Carlos da Silva
It explores the concepts of
•physical carrying capacity (number of
individuals a beach can physically
accommodate) and
•social carrying capacity (concentration of
individuals above which beach users become
uncomfortable – crowding perception).
Determining Physical Carrying Capacity
Two factors determine the physical carrying capacity of a beach
a) Beach area available for recreation and
b) parking space available

Determining Social Carrying Capacity

Based on visitors’ behavior
•The entire area of the beach may not be used based on closeness to
water or entry to the beach.

Observations
a behavioral study of the visitors is required to study the actual area
under use.
Parking area may not be a problem in the case of an Indian town;
however studies regarding traffic congestion near the beach, and
mode of transport used by the visitors have to be studied.
 Proposed Model For
Measuring Carrying
Capacity Of A Town
Where Tourism Has Not
Yet Been Explored
 1. Selection of Indicators

2. Preliminary Study of Carrying Capacity

3. To determine Physical Carrying Capacity

4. To determine social carrying capacity

5. To determine environmental Carrying Capacity

6. To determine Total Carrying Capacity of major

attractions of the town

Minimum value obtained from step 3 to 6 indicates carrying

capacity of a town for tourism
CHOICE OF INDICATORS

•Measure of Physical Carrying Capacity

Quantity of water available
•Measure of Social Carrying Capacity
Average daily visitor/ resident population
•Measure of environmental Carrying Capacity
Number of hotel beds/ Square kilometer
•Measure of total Carrying Capacity of major
attractions of the town
Carrying Capacity of beach
Carrying Capacity of fort
DETERMINATION OF CARRYING CAPACITY

•Preliminary Study of Carrying Capacity

Carrying Capacity = Total area in acres
3 acres/ person
•Physical Carrying Capacity

Indicator - Quantity of water available

Total Population =
Total supply of water
Daily water requirement (resident + tourist)

Number of tourist = Total Population - Resident population

Water required per tourist =

Total daily water requirement of hotels
Number of beds
TO DETERMINE SOCIAL CARRYING CAPACITY
“What do you think about future number of acceptable tourists in
your town?”
Tourist Tourist More Same as Less
Resident pop pop/ than present than
pop Resident present present
pop
A 50,000 500 0.01 75 20 5
B 25,000 800 0.032 10 25 65
C 40,000 200 0.005 85 12 3
D 60,000 ? ?

Take case of town A

The case where 100% ( Can be varied between 90 to 100%)
of the resident go for more than present no. of tourist gives
lower limit. No. of tourist/ population
0.01 75 where residents is comfortable
with no. of tourists
? 100
The Same procedure is applied to find tourist/
resident ratio in the case C
Mean value gives permissible tourist to resident ratio
= 0.005
Hence tourist population= 0.005X 60000 = 300
The procedure is repeated to find higher limit of
tourist population
To determine environmental Carrying Capacity
‘Do you think that the number of hotels in your area is acceptable
environmentally?’

Land No. of No. of More than Neutral More than

area hotel hotel present present Not
( Sq Km) beds beds/ Acceptable acceptable
Land R E W R E W R E W
area

A 20 1000 50 70 65 67 20 15 17 10 20 17
B 12 1200 100 10 15 13 30 25 26 60 60 60
C 11 500 45.45 80 70 73 12 10 11 8 20 16
Here R= residents, E= experts W= weighted mean
D 15 ? ?
Here the same procedure is applied except that
weightage of 2 is given for that given by experts
TO DETERMINE TOTAL CARRYING CAPACITY OF
MAJOR ATTRACTIONS OF THE TOWN

Carrying Capacity of a beach

•Physical Carrying Capacity =

Total beach area

Avg area required per visitor

•Social Carrying Capacity =

Actual beach area used by visitors according to their behavior

Avg area required per visitor
Carrying Capacity based on visitor perception
Both local and tourist (visitors to the beach) has to be taken

Area Visitors R more neutral Less

(Sq R T total than than
km) present Present

V R V R V
R

A 0.5 150 50 200 2.5 55 45 10 15 35 40

B 0.45 100 75 175 2.57 60 30 5 10 35 60
C 0.3 75 75 150 2 30 50 15 15 55 35
D 0.65 100
Rotation coefficient =

No. of daily hours beach is visited by more than 75%

of the total daily visitors
Average period each (resident + visitor) spends in a
beach

Hence daily permissible visitors =

carrying capacity of beach at a time X rotation
Coefficient
Carrying Capacity of Built heritage

Carrying capacity of built heritage depends on both the carrying

capacity of the built area and that of the surrounding precincts.

Carrying Capacity of surrounding precincts =

Total area of precincts available for visitors
Avg are required per visitor

Carrying Capacity of built area =

Total built area
Avg. area required per visitor

Other indicators
Live load carrying capacity of masonry structures, based on wall
thickness.
Wear and tear of material
“If tourism is brought in to a community what may be
the possible impacts”

Impacts Of
Tourism
Economic Impact
Of Tourism
 POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
-Helps to diversify and stabilize the local economy
-Contribution to government revenues
-Employment generation TOTAL & DIRECT JOBS CAUSED BY
-Foreign exchange earnings TOURISM IN SRILANKA

100000
GRAPH 3.2 FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVAL/ FOREIGN 90000
EXCHANGE EARNINGS IN INDIA ( JAN-JULY)
80000

NUMBER OF JOBS
NO.OF FOREIGN TOURIST/ FOREIGN

250000
EXCHANGE EARNINGS IN 10 LAKHS

70000
60000
200000
50000
40000
150000
30000
100000 20000
10000
50000 0
1978' 1999' 2000' 2001' 2002'
0
YEARS
2001' 2002' 2003'
YEARS TOTAL JOBS DIRECT JOBS
FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVAL
FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS IN 1O LAKHS -Contribution to local economies
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
-Economic dependence of the local TOURIST ARRIVAL IN HERITAGE

community on tourism CITIES

TOURIST ARRIVAL X
-Seasonal character of jobs 2000
1500

1000
1000
500
0
1986' 1987' 1988' 1989' 1990' 1991' 1992'
YEARS
AMSTERDAM VENICE

Shows the impact of

1991Gulf crisis
% OF TOURIST ARRIVAL IN VENICE
MONTHWISE

% TOURIST
40 30 32

ARRIVALS
30 24
20 14
10
-Increase in prices 0
JAN- APRIL- JULY- OCT- DEC

-Infrastructure cost MARCH JUNE SEPT

MONTHS
-Enclave tourism
-Leakages -Changing Commerce
•Import leakages
•Export leakages

Airfare,
Origin
Country
expenses
& Main Urban
Overhead Center
operator
Outbound Costs &
Operator Profits Tourist Market in
& agency
profits Destination Hua- Hin, Thailand
specific
Inbound expenses
Country (lodging,
Revenue for local
expenses foodservices
economy
Socio-cultural
Impacts Of
Tourism
POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF
TOURISM •Provides cultural exchange
•Tourism as a force for peace between hosts and guests
•Strengthening communities
•Facilities developed for tourism can
benefit residents
•Revaluation of culture & traditions.
•Tourism encourages civic involvement
& pride

Foreigners attracted towards

Indian traditional dress

•Uplifting standards of
womenfolk,
Handicrafts a source of
employment for women in Bali
NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL
IMPACTS OF TOURISM

•Change Or Loss Of Indigenous

Identity And Values
•Culture Clashes
•Physical Influences Causing
Social Stress
•Ethical Issues
CHANGE OR LOSS OF INDIGENOUS IDENTITY AND VALUES
•Commodification •Standardization
• Adaptation to tourist demands
Molas of Kuna woman
transformed, through
tourism, into a
commercial trade which
Traditional weddings causes loss of its
staged to attract tourists spiritual value and
quality
•Loss of authenticity and staged
authenticity
Ghoomar traditional dance of
Rajasthani woman traditionally
played in the privacy of homes is
now a favorite of tourists
CULTURE CLASHES PHYSICAL INFLUENCES CAUSING
SOCIAL STRESS
•Economic inequality
•Congestion, impact on residents
HOUSING OCCUPIED BY RESIDENTS &
Graph 3.6 VENICE
•Irritation due to DEMOGRAPHICS
NON RESIDENTS IN VENICE
9%
tourist behavior 29%

POPULATION
200000
145000
150000
100000
•Job level friction 50000 32715 32987 31844 31718

0 62%
1950' 1980' 1990' 1997' 2002'
RESIDENT OCCUPIED
YEARS NON RESIDENT OCCUPIED
UN OCCUPIED
GROWTH OF TOURISM TRAFFIC IN
UDAIPUR
TOURISM TRAFFIC IN

800
700
THOUSANDS

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
65 7 5 8 1 8 3 86 87 90 91 92 93 9 4 9 5 9 6
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

YEARS

Which future for Venice city OR

FOREIGN DOMESTIC

Chaotic Disneyland
 •Conflicts with traditional ETHICAL ISSUES
land-uses:
Child labor: 13-19 million
DECLINE IN AREA UNDER CROPS IN LEH children below 18 years of age (10-
10000 15 % of all employees in tourism)
are employed in the industry
AREA HECTARE

8000

6000
worldwide.
4000

2000
Prostitution & Sex Tourism
0
73/74 79/80 80/81 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86
YEARS
Crime generation
FOOD GRAINS FODDER OTHERS LINK BETWEEN TOURISM AND CRIME (191-92),
NEWPORT

• Resource use conflicts

200
180
% OF ANNUAL
160
140
AVERAGE

120

• Cultural deterioration. 100

80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Room Tax Crime YEAR

Environmental
Impacts Of
Tourism
 POSITIVE IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT
The tourism industry can contribute to conservation through:
I. FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
• Direct financial contributions :The tour operator Discovery Initiatives, makes
an annual financial contribution to the Orangutan Foundation of some US$
45,000.
• Contributions to government revenues:
The Seychelles is introducing a US$ 90 tax on travelers.. (UNEP, report to the
CSD, 1999)
In Belize, a US$ 3.75 departure tax goes directly to the Protected Area
Conservation Trust. (The International Ecotourism Society)

II. IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING:

III. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS RAISING
• Protection And Preservation
IV. ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT:
Eg. Eco-escuela de Español
The orangutan viewing centre at Bohorok,
Indonesia
V. REGULATORY MEASURES
Eco-escuela de Español ,
Spanish School
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
FROM TOURISM
DEPLETION OF NATURAL AESTHETIC POLLUTION
RESOURCES
•Water resources
• Local resources
• Land degradation

POLLUTION
Air pollution
tourism accounts for more
than 60% of air travel hence Internationally renowned
responsible for an important Istanbul skyline has become a
share of air emissions. collection of high rise hotels

Sewage
SOLID WASTE AND
LITTERING
Cruise ships in the Caribbean are
estimated to produce more than
70,000 tons of waste each year.
Passengers on a cruise ship each
account for 3.5 kilograms of
garbage daily - compared with the
0.8 kilograms each generated by
the folk on shore.
Some trails in the Peruvian Andes
and in Nepal frequently visited by
tourists have been nicknamed
"Coca-Cola trail" and "Toilet
paper trail".
 BEACH LITTER RECORDED
BEACH LITTER DURING BEACHWATCH UK, 1994
TO 2002

BEACH LITTER
Density of litter depends on
tourists
pressure
litter management policies
LITTER COMPOSITION
-GHAJN TUFFIEHA BAY MALTA
PHYSICAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
Construction activities and infrastructure
development
Deforestation and intensified or unsustainable
use of land
Marina development
Alteration of ecosystems by tourist activities
Trails of Homer
GRAPH 3.13 CRUISE PASSENGER ARRIVAL IN
THOUSANDS IN CARIBBEAN
Alaska
CRUISE ARRIVAL IN THOUSANDS

40,000
35,000
30,000 PHYSICAL IMPACTS FROM
25,000
20,000
TOURIST ACTIVITIES
15,000
10,000 Trampling
Anchoring and other marine activities
5,000
0
1992' 1993' 1994' 1995' 1996'
YEARS Increasing cruise ships in the
Caribbean effects the coral reef
 Assessment of
Economic Impact
of Tourism
 1. Study of effects of 1.1 Direct effect
FLOW DIG. FOR tourist spending Induced effect
STUDYING
ECONOMIC
IMPACT
How to measure the economic impact

2. Money generation Model

ASSESSMENT A method for determining economic impact
?
3. Requirement of the
4. Number of visitors 5. Visitor Spending
model
Tourist Surveys
Number of visitors
Carrying Capacity for determining
Visitor Spending
studies and break up Multipliers
may be done according
to tourist surveys
6. To get data for Multiplier
• Tourism multiplier effect
• Input Output Analysis

Case studies
For studying the sectors chosen
TOURIST SPENDING - IMPACTS AND LEAKAGES

Tourist Spending

Tourist Sector Direct

(E.g. Restaurant) Impact

Imports Wages and

(Leakages) Indirect Profits
Impact

Other Sectors Induced

(E.g. Food & Impact
Beverage
Processing)
Measuring Of
Economic
Impact
- Money Generation
Model 2
MGM2 is an update of the National Park Service's
(NPS) Money Generation Model (MGM), originally
developed by Dr. Ken Hornback over 8years ago

The MGM2 Model developed by: Daniel Stynes.

Purpose of the MGM2 model:

To estimate the impacts of NPS visitor spending on
the local economy.

Only the concept of the model is used in this study

 MONEY GENERATION MODEL

INPUTS

Number of visitors
Visitor Spending – in each category
Multipliers

OUTPUTS

1. Total Spending
2. Estimate Amount of Spending in Each Category
3. Direct Effects
4. Total Effects
Economic
= Visits * Spending * Multiplier
Impact

Visitor Segments Spending Sector Specific

categories ratios/multipliers
•Day trips
•Lodging •Multipliers
•Overnight
•Restaurant •Capture rate
•Motel
•Groceries
•Camp •Direct ratios
•Gas & oil
•Amusements
Inputs For Money
Generation
Model 2
 MULTIPLIERS

Tourism Multiplier effect

The multiplier effect is the effect of continuous
recirculation of money spent by tourists.
The multiplier indicates how many times that the injection
of original spending circulates through a local economy.
The effect starts from the second transaction only- when
the different tourism marketers spend the tourist money
earned by them.
It is estimated that five transactions take place for each
rupee spend by a tourist.
 Use of Input Output model to Calculate
Multipliers
i) Type I Multiplier: The indirect effects are captured by
Type I multipliers.
 
Type I sales multiplier = (direct sales + indirect sales)/
direct sales  

ii) Type II Multiplier: Type II multipliers capture both

indirect and induced effects.
 
Type II sales multiplier = (direct sales + indirect sales +
induced sales)/direct sales.
Outputs For Money
Generation
Model 2
 Total Spending

Total spending is estimated by multiplying the

number of visitors within each segment by the
average spending per visit.

Total Spending = No. of visits within each

segment X Average Spending per visit
Direct Effect
direct sales in region= total spending *Capture ratio
What is Capture ratio?
For eg. if a Visitor buys a camera for $100 that is not made
in the local area,

If retail margin is 40% then $40 accrues to the retailer, but

the other $60 immediately leaks out of the region.

The direct sales effect in this case is $40, not $100, and the
multiplier effects are computed based on the $40 captured
by the region.

Direct jobs = direct sales * jobs to sales ratio

Direct personal income = direct sales * personal income to
sales ratio
Total effects

Total sales = direct sales captured * Type

II sales multiplier

Total jobs = direct sales captured * total

jobs/sales ratio

Total personal income = direct sales

captured * total personal income/sales
ratio
Case studies Using
Input Output
Analysis
Case Study –I: The economic impact of tourism in
the Seychelles
Research done by: Brian Archer: Professor of Tourism
Management at the University of Surrey
John Fletcher: Reader in Tourism at the
University of Surrey.
Purpose: To analyze in detail the impacts made by
visitors from different countries
Case Study Area: Seychelles
Model used: Input Output model
Period of Study: 1991
The model contained only 18 sectors

Agriculture & Forestry,

Fishing,
Food/ Beverages,
Petroleum Products,
Other manufacturing,
electricity & Water,
Construction,
Distributive trade,
Hotels (Large), other tourism accommodation;
restaurants;
car hire, other land transportation, especially taxis
and buses,
air transportation and sea transportation
Surveys Done

Review of main Questionnaire:

• Tourist profile – nationality

• Amount spent by visitors daily on-

Accommodation, Restaurant, Car rental,
Local Transportation, Excursions, Air
tickets , Boat Tickets, Sports, Shopping
(Other), Handicrafts, Others

• Average length of stay

Case Study- II: The impact of tourism on the Old
Town of Edinburgh
Research done by: Graham Parlett, John Fletcher and
Chris Cooper
Department of Management Studies,
University of Surrey
Purpose: To study the economic impact of tourism
on localized areas
Case Study Area: Old town of Edinburgh
Model used: Input Output model
Sectors: Hotels, Restaurants/Cafes, Public
houses/Bars, Attractions, Distributive trade,
and all other businesses.
Application In
The Study
Area: Kannur
VISITS:
The tourists are divided into 4 different segments based on lodging.
Staying: Hotels (Classified)
Staying: Hotels (Unclassified)
Staying: Dharamsals, Hostels
Non-Staying

SPENDING:
Item wise expenditure pattern of domestic, foreign and staying, non-
staying has to be studied. The items chosen are:
Accommodation
Food
Local Transport
Handloom/ Handicrafts
Other Shopping
The sectors chosen are the following:

Hotels (Classified)
Hotels (Unclassified)
Restaurants/ Cafes
Local transportation
Fishing
Handloom/ Handicrafts
Retail
Manufacturing
Wholesale
Conclusion
 METHODOLOGY
LITERATURE STUDY

Carrying Capacity Economic Impact

Calculations Assessment

Identification of Impact= Number of Tourist surveys

Quantifiable indicators tourists X Spending Spending
X Multipliers category wise
Study of 3 Determining
Input Output Analysis
similar towns Threshold level
Sectors
in S. Kerala for the indicators
Hotels (Classified)
Hotels (Unclassified)
Resident and Determining Permissible Restaurants/ Cafes
tourist level of tourists for each Local transportation
perception indicators Fishing
Surveys Handloom/
Minimum of the above Handicrafts
value indicates the Retail
carrying capacity Manufacturing
Wholesale
 COMMUNITIES WITH NATURAL & BUILT HERITAGE

IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES

KANNUR KERALA

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE EVOLUTION & RESOURCES

PROBLEMS & PROSPECTS

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

LITERATURE STUDY DATA COLLECTION

Heritage & Tourism ANALYSIS

Impacts of Tourism
Carrying Capacity Studies Carrying Capacity Location of
Assessment of Economic & Economic Tourism
Impact Impact Assessment Related
Case Studies Facilities

ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS

POLICIES & ACTION PLAN

PROGRAMS FOR HISTORIC
AREAS
Thank You