Minerals

Mojica and Muncal

Iron
 Transition Metal
Atomic Number:26
Atomic Mass: 55.845 grams/mole
Exists in 6 oxidized forms, but Fe2+ and Fe3+
are the most stable
Lewis Acid
Coordination number: 6
 Functions
Oxygen Transport and Storage
Respiration and Energy Metabolism
Destruction of Hydrogen Peroxide
DNA Synthesis
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Metalloenzymes use metal cations as cofactors
in order to have versatile functions
 Energy and Respiration
Cofactor of Cytochrome Oxidase
 Destruction of Hydrogen Peroxide
Cofactor of Catalase and Peroxidase
 Sources
Beans
Meat
Mollusks
 Iron in the Body
Recommended Daily Allowance
 Deficiency in Iron can cause
Anemia
Learning, behavior, and memory problems
Zinc
 Transition Metal
Atomic Number: 30
Atomic Weight: 65.38 grams/mole
Exists in single oxidized form, Zn2+
Lewis Acid
Coordination Number: 4
 Functions
Structural and Catalytic Functions in Enzymes
Antioxidant
Protein Stabilization
 Zinc as a Cofactor
DNA Polymerase- act as carrier of acyl groups

Carbonic Anhydrase- transfers amino groups

Alcohol Dehydrogenase
 Antioxidant Capacity
Act as a cofactor in Superoxide Dismutase
Two our of Three types of SODs use Zinc for
structural support
Superoxide- free radical
Protein Stabilization
 Sources
Meat- 15 milligrams of zinc per 100 grams
Shellfish
Wholegrain Cereals
Fruits and vegetables are not good sources of
zinc due to their high phytate and oxalate
content.
 Zinc in the Body
Recommended Daily Allowance
-2-6 mg for children
-8-13 mg for adolescents and adults
 Zinc Deficiency
Mild Deficiency
- Impaired growth
- High susceptibility to infections
Severe Deficiency
- Not observed in normal humans
- People with genetic disorders
Copper
 Transition Metal
Atomic Number: 29
Atomic Mass: 63.546 grams/mole
Exists in two oxidized states: Cu+ and Cu2+
Lewis Acid
Coordination Number: 4,6
 Functions
Enzyme Cofactor
Catalyst in of Fe2+-Fe3+ oxidation
Energy Production
Neurotransmitters
Antioxidant
 Copper as a cofactor
Cytochrome C
Ceruloplasmin
Superoxide Dismutase
Polyphenol Oxidase
Dopamine beta- hydroxylase
 Sources
Liver
Dark green vegetables
Whole grain Cereals
 Copper in the Body
Recommended Daily Allowance
 Deficiency is rare but could signify anemia.
Higher susceptibility to infection.
 Fortification
Iron
-Ferrous Sulfate, Ferrous Gluconate,
Ferrous Fumarate
Zinc
Zinc Chloride, Zinc Gluconate, Zinc Stearate, Zinc
Oxide
Effect of Processing in Minerals
 Substances Affecting The
Bioavailability of Zinc and Iron
Fiber
Phytic Acid/ Phytate
Tannins
 References
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Schieberle P. 2009. Food
Chemistry (4th ed.). Germany: Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg
Blake S. 2008. Vitamins and Minerals
Demystified. USA: The McGrawhill Companies.
360 pp.
Fennema OR, Damodaran S, Parkin KL. 2008.
Fennema's Food Chemistry (4th ed.). Boca Raton:
CRC Press.
Wiseman G. 2002. Nutrition and Health. UK:
Taylor and Francis. 206 pp.