Unit 7

Rhyme and Reason

 Ways of saying beautiful
good looking: for men and women who are nice to look at
attractive: for men and women who are good-looking
beautiful, lovely: for children and (usually female)adults who are
extremely good looking
handsome: usually for men who have strong regular features
pretty= for women and girls who are good looking in an ordinary
way; men and boys who are good looking in a feminine way
gorgeous = for men and women who are very attractive
striking = for men and women who are attractive in an interesting
or unusual way
cute= for small, sweet children
 Homophones
Homophones are words which have the same
pronunciation, but different spelling and different
meaning. Example:
be=bee
fair=fare
hour=our
meet=meat
passed=past
right=write=rite(religious ceremony)
two=to=too
 Advertisement
A brand name is text; a logo is a design which may or
may not include text
A commercial is a short television or radio advert; a
billboard is a large board used to display adverts on
posters outside, eg beside a road
Consumers are people who use commercially produced
goods, the target audience are the people advertisers
think will be interested in their product.
A slogan is a short, memorable phrase or sentence that
consumers will associate with a product; a jingle is a
slogan set to music (or possibly just music without
text.)
 so and such
So and such have a similar meaning to very.
so such
Use such before a noun
Use so before an phrase(a group of words in a
adjective. sentence which together
behave as a noun).
It was so hot that it It was such a nice day that we
decided to eat outside.
was impossible to
work.
After the adjective or noun phrase we use a that clause to talk about a result.
That can sometimes be omitted.
I was so happy that I cried.
It was such cold weather that we stayed inside.
I was so excited I couldnt sleep.
 so and such

We also use so with quantifiers such as much,

many, little and few. They decided to increase
their advertising budget because they had so
few customers.
In informal spoken language, so not is often
used before an adjective instead of an
adjective with a negative prefix.
That is so not cool.(=That is really uncool.)
 Reported Statements and Questions
We use reported speech to say what someone said. In reported
speech the verb usually goes one tense back. If something is
reported which is always true, the tense usually stays the same.

Direct speech Reported speech

Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Past simple Past perfect
Past perfect Past perfect
Will/ can Would/ could
Am/is / are / going to Was/were/going to
Would/ could Would / could
 Reported Statements and Questions
Reported statements
To report statements we
usually use say and tell. These
verbs are often followed by
that, however, that can be
omitted.
You are stressed said the doctor.
The doctor told me [that] I was
stressed.
Reported questions
To report questions we usually
use ask with a question word.
For yes/no questions we use if
or whether. The word order is
the same as in statements.
Where are you from?
She asked me where I was from.
Do you want to dance?
I asked her if she wants to dance.
 Reported Statements and Questions
In reported statements other words can also change, such as
pronouns, places and time references.

Direct speech Reported speech

I/ we I/ he/ she/ they
here there
Last week The week before
tomorrow The next day
Will/ can Would/ could
Yesterday The day before/ yesterday
 Idioms
Idiom: group of words in a fixed order that
have a particular meaning which is different
from the meanings of each word understood
on it is own. Eg: You have bitten off more than
you can chew. Is an idiom that means you
have tried to do something which is too
difficult for you.
 Idioms for knowing and not knowing

Knowing Not knowing

Mine of information To be stumped
Knowsby heart Dont have a clue
Knows what he/she is Dont have the faintest idea
talking about about
Knows like the back of He/she is out of his depth
his/her hand
Reported Requests and Commands
requests commands
To report requests we We report commands
use: with:
ask + object + to tell+ object+ to
infinitive infinitive
They asked me to They told me to leave
observe my immediately.
neighbors.
Pronouns, places and time references can also change.
 Reporting verbs
We can also use other reporting verbs to
report what somebody said or did. Different
verbs take different structures. Some verbs
can take more than one structure.
Verb Structure
admit, confirm, complain, mention (that)+ clause
Assure Object+ (that)+ clause
deny +-ing
Insist Prep+ing
Accuse Object+prep+-ing
refuse, promise, claim, agree To+ infinitive
beg, remind Object + to+ infinitive
 Stating another point of view
mind you though
even so,
on the other hand
after all
nevertheless
All the same