Emission Control Systems

Manish Mistry
What are emissions?
Where they come from?
 Emission Categories
Transitional low- Super ultra low-
emission vehicle emission vehicle
(TLEV) (SULEV)
Low-emission Partial zero
vehicle (LEV) emission vehicle
Ultra low-emission (PZEV)
vehicle (ULEV) Zero emission
Clean fueled vehicle vehicle (ZEV)
(CFV)
continued
 Exhaust Gases
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Molecules of unburned gasoline
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
A byproduct of combustion
Oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
Formed when nitrogen and oxygen molecules
combine at high temperature

continued
 Exhaust Gases

Oxygen
Part of the air in the air/fuel mixture
Not a pollutant
Carbon Dioxide
Formed when carbon molecules join with
oxygen molecules during combustion process

continued
 Emission Sources
Engine crankcase
Combustion gases that have bypassed the piston
rings
Can emit untreated gases to atmosphere
Pollutes engine oil
Fuel system
Unburned fuel vapors
Exhaust
Combustion gases that contain harmful pollutants

6
 Automobile emission control can be grouped into following major
families

Crankcase emission controlpositive crankcase

ventilation system control HC emission from the engine
crankcase
Evaporative emission control this system control
emission of HC from fuel tank ,pump,and carburetor
Exhaust emission control :
Air injection system
Engine modification
Spark timing
Exhaust gas re-circulation system
Catalytic converter system
Typical PCV System

Chapter 31 continued
 PCV Operation
Idle or deceleration
Blowby gasses flow through a small opening in
the closed valve.
Part throttle
PCV spring moves the valve to increase the
opening.
Wide open throttle
Valve is open and allows more blowby gasses
to flow.
continued
Chapter 31
Evaporative Emission System Components

Evaporative emission system

Uses a closed fuel system to keep fuel vapors
(HC) from entering atmosphere
Fuel vapors are trapped in a charcoal canister
Engine vacuum is used to purge canister with
fresh air, sending fuel vapors to engine for
burning

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Chapter 31
An Evaporative Emissions System

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Chapter 31
Charcoal Canister

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Chapter 31
 Knock Sensors
Knock sensors are engine mounted sense
vibrations caused by detonation.
A piezoelectric sensing element is mounted
in the knock sensor, and a resistor is
connected parallel to this sensing element.
The sensing element changes this vibration
into an analog voltage which is sent to the
knock sensor module.
continued
Chapter 31
Knock Sensors

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Chapter 31
 5. Air Injection
Since no. internal combustion engine is 100% efficient, there
will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This
increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of
emissions an air injection system was created.

Combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Without any one

of the three combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust
manifold there is sufficient heat to support combustion, if we
introduce some oxygen than any unburned fuel will ignite.

This combustion will not produce any power, but it will

reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. Unlike in the
combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if
the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions that
sound like popping will occur.
 Common Types of EGR Valves
Vacuum-operated
Positive backpressure
Vacuum-operated
Negative backpressure
Digital
Three solenoid type
Linear

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Chapter 31
A Vacuum-Operated EGR Valve

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Chapter 31
A Linear EGR Valve

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Chapter 31
Digital
 Common EGR Systems
Twin solenoid system
EGR vacuum regulator (EVR) system
Pressure feedback electronic (PFE) sensor
system
Pressure transducer (EPT) systems

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Chapter 31
EGR System with DPFE Sensor

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Chapter 31
EGR System with EVR Solenoid

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Chapter 31
An Oxidizing Catalytic Converter

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Chapter 31
A Three-way Catalytic Converter

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Chapter 31
An Example of a Secondary
Air System

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Chapter 31
EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI AND CI
ENGINE
Level of Emission 2/3 Wheelers ## 4 Wheelers
Norms 2-Stroke 4-Stroke 4-Stroke

* Intake, exhaust, * Intake, exhaust,

Euro I /India 2000 combustion * 4-Stroke engine combustion
optimization technology optimization
* Catalytic converter *Carburetor
optimization
* Secondary air * Hot tube * Fuel injection
Euro II / injection * Secondary air * Catalytic converter
Bharat Stage II * Catalytic converter injection * Fixed EGR
* CNG / LPG * CNG / LPG * Multi-valve
(3 wheelers only) (3 wheelers only) * CNG/LPG
* Fuel injection
EuroIII/ Bharat Stage III * Fuel injection * Fuel injection +catalytic
* Catalytic converter * Carburetor+ converter
catalytic converter * Variable EGR
* Variable valve timing
* Multi-valve
* On-board diagnostics
system
* CNG/LPG
* Direct cylinder
Euro IV / * To be developed * Lean burn injection
Bharat Stage IV * Fuel injection+ * Multi-brick
catalytic converter catalytic converter
* On-board diagnostics
system
 Emission control norms in CI engine

Level Of Emission Norms Technology Options

Intake, exhaust and combustion optimisation
Euro I / India 2000 FIP~700-800 bar, low sac injectors
High swirl
Naturally aspirated
Turbo charging
Euro II / Injection pressure > 800 bar, moderate swirl
Bharat Stage II High pressure inline / rotary pumps, injection rate control
VO nozzles
Re-entrant combustion chamber
Lube oil consumption control
Multi valve,
Low swirl high injection pressure > 120 bar
Euro III / Rotary pumps, pilot injection rate shaping
Bharat Stage III Electronic fuel injection
Critical lube oil consumption control
Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT)
Inter-cooling
Particulate trap
Euro IV / NOx trap
Bharat Stage IV On board Diagnostics system
Common rail injection-injection pressure>1600 bar
Fuel Cell
CNG/LPG
 Summary
Unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and oxides of nitrogen are three types of
emissions being controlled in gasoline
engines.
The PCV system removes blowby gases from
the crankcase and recirculates them to the
engine intake.

continued
Chapter 31
 Summary
An evaporative (EVAP) emission system
stores vapours from the fuel tank in a
charcoal canister until they routed back to
the engine.
The EGR system allows exhaust gasses to be
recirculated into the intake manifold to lower
combustion temperatures and reduce NOX
emissions.
continued
Chapter 31
 Summary
Many secondary air injection systems
pump air into the exhaust ports during
engine warm-up, and deliver air to the
catalytic converters with the engine at
normal operating temperature.

Chapter 31