Review

What is an element?
What is an atom?
What is a molecule?
What is a compound?
What is the difference between atoms and
elements?
ANALOGY
Imagine going to an ice cream store. Let's say that
they have 30 different flavors of ice cream. Those
are elements, the things that I have available to
build my dessert from. The smallest amount of
ice cream that the store will sell to me is a scoop.
This is an atom. If I want, I can put two or more
scoops of ice cream together. This is a molecule.
If my molecule has more than one flavor of ice
cream, I can call it a compound.
 So, in summary:
element - a basic substance that can't be
simplified (hydrogen, oxygen, gold, etc...)
atom - the smallest amount of an element
molecule - two or more atoms that are chemically
joined together (H2, O2, H2O, etc...)
compound - a molecule that contains more than
one element (H2O, C6H12O6, etc...)
 Chapter 8
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
The Early History of Chemistry
Before 16th Century
Greeks were the first to attempt to explain why
chemical changes occur.
Alchemy: Attempts to change cheap metals into
gold. They invented the idea of atoms, that matter
is not continuous. They discovered several
elements and learned to prepare mineral acids.
The Early History of Chemistry
16th Century
German develop the systematic metallurgy
(extraction of metal from ores)
Swiss develop the medicinal application of
minerals
17th Century
Robert Boyle: First chemist to perform
quantitative experiments
 Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)
All matter is made of atoms
Atoms cannot be broken down into anything simpler
All the atoms of a particular element are identical to
each other and different from the atoms of other
elements
Atoms are rearranged in a chemical reaction
Compounds are formed when two or more different
kinds of atoms join together
 Thomson Atomic Model (1903)
An atom consists of a diffuse cloud of positive
charge with the negative electrons embedded
randomly in it. This model is often called plum
(or raisin) pudding model.
The Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
Rutherford Atomic Model (1911)

An atom with a dense center of positive

charge (the nucleus) with electrons moving
around the nucleus at a distance that is large
relative to the nuclear radius. Nucleus is
very small compared with the overall size of
the atom. Nucleus is extremely dense,
accounts for almost all of the atoms mass.
Rutherfords Experiment on a-particle Bombardment of Metal Foil
Expected and Actual Results of Rutherfords Experiment
Nuclear Atom Viewed in Cross Section
What is in atom ?

All matter is made up of atoms

Atom is a solid ball

A simple model of an atom as a

solid ball
Do you think is soft?

What do you
think ?
Is it soft ?
Inside . . .

Do you think is empty ?

Inside . . .

What do you think ?

Is it hard ?
Atoms are made up of three smaller kinds
of particles

These are called subatomic particles

Draw a diagram showing the location of each part of
the atom.
Where are proton
and neutrons ?
Draw a diagram showing the location of each
part of the atom.

The center of atom has

nucleus
Draw a diagram showing the location of each part of
the atom.
Describing Proton
Protons are positively charged particles
found in the atomic nucleus. Protons were
discovered by Ernest Rutherford..
Experiments done in the late 1960's and
early 1970's showed that protons are made
from other particles called quarks. Protons
are made from two 'up' quarks and one
'down' quark.
Describe Neutron
Neutrons are uncharged particles found in
the atomic nucleus. Neutrons were
discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
Experiments done in the late 1960's and
early 1970's showed that neutrons are made
from other particles called quarks.
Neutrons are made from one 'up' quark and
two 'down' quarks.
Describe Electron
Electrons are negatively charged particles
that surround the atom's nucleus.
Electrons were discovered by J. J.
Thomson in 1897.
Electrons determine properties of the atom.
Chemical reactions involve sharing or
exchanging electrons
Relative charge & mass
Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1
How large is the nucleus ?
So most of the atom is empty space
Practical activity
The Chemists Shorthand Atomic Symbols
Mass number 39

Atomic number 19
K Element Symbol

Atomic number (Z): number of protons, gives the

symbol of the element (X)
Mass number (A): Total number of protons and
neutrons
Elemental form = Zero net charge
Therefore, number electrons = number of protons
 Atomic Symbol
An atomic symbol
represents a particular atom of an element.
gives the mass number in the upper left corner and the
atomic number in the lower left corner.
Example: An atom of sodium with atomic number 11 and a
mass number 23 has the following atomic symbol:
mass number 23
Na
atomic number 11

29
 Information from Atomic Symbols
The atomic symbol for a specific atom of an element
gives the
number of protons (p+),
number of neutrons (n),
and number of electrons (e-).

30
 Information from Atomic Symbols
Examples of number of subatomic particles for atoms
Atomic symbol
16 31 65
O P Zn
8 15 30

8 p+ 15 p+ 30 p+
8n 16 n 35 n
8 e- 15 e- 30 e-

31
 Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons. In nature most
elements contain mixtures of isotopes

23
11Na
: 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 12 neutrons
24 Na : 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 13 neutrons
11
Two Isotopes of Sodium
 Ions
Ions: An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has
a net positive charge or negative charge particle (an
unequal number of protons and electrons) is
obtained by removing or adding electrons. Na+, Cl-
Cation: is an ion with fewer electrons than protons,
giving it a positive charge (since electrons are
negatively charged and protons are positively
charged). Ex: Na+, Mg2+, NH4+
Anion: is an ion with more electrons than protons,
giving it a net negative charge Ex; Cl-, SO42-
Writing Formulas

Because compounds are electrically neutral, one

can determine the formula of a compound this
way:
The charge on the cation becomes the subscript on
the anion.
The charge on the anion becomes the subscript on the
cation.
If these subscripts are not in the lowest whole-
number ratio, divide them by the greatest common
factor.
Common Cations
Common Anions
 Periodic Table
Periodic table is organized based on the
properties that elements have in common with
one another.
Groups: Elements in the same vertical columns
are in the same group have similar chemical
properties.
Group 1A: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Group 2A: Alkaline earth metals: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,
Ra
Group 7A: Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At (astatine)
Group 8A: Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn (radon)
The Periodic Table
 Naming Compounds
Binary Compounds: Compounds composed of
two elements
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type 1): contains a
positive ion (cation) always written first in the
formula and a negative ion (anion)
Rules:
1. The cation is always named first and the anion
second
2. A monatomic (meaning one atom) cation takes its
name from the name of the element
3. A monatomic anion is named by taking the root of
the element name and adding ide
 Binary Ionic Compounds
Compound Ions Present Name

NaCl Na+, Cl- Sodium chloride

KI K+, I- Potassium iodide

CaS Ca2+, S2- Calcium sulfide

Li3N Li+, N3- Lithium nitride

CsBr Cs+, Br- Cesium bromide

MgO Mg2+, O2- Magnesium oxide

 Naming compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II): Metals that
form more than one type of positive ion. Fe2+ and
Fe3+
Transition metals form several positive oxidation
states
Charge on the metal ion must be specified
Roman numeral indicates the charge of the
cation. Iron (II) chloride and iron (III) chloride
The ion with the higher charge has a name ending
in ic and the one with the lower charge has a
name ending in ous; ferrous chloride and ferric
chloride
 Naming Compounds
Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions:
Need to know the names of the polyatomic ions
NH4+ ammonium, SO42- sulfate
Na2SO4 Sodium sulfate
KH2PO4 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Fe(NO3)3 Iron(III) nitrate
CsClO4 Cesium perchlorate
NaOCl sodium hypochlorite
Al2(Cr2O7)3 Aluminum dichromate
Sr(CN)2 Strontium cyanide
Common Cations and Anions
 Formulas from Names
Name
Diphosphorus pentasulfide
Cesium peroxide
Aluminum fluoride
Vanadium (v) fluoride
Dioxygen difluoride
Gallium oxide
Ammonium dichromate
Cupric phosphate
Chemical Formula
P2S5 (two non metals)
Cs2O2 (Cs1+, O22-)
AlF3 (Al3+, F-1)
VF5 (V5+, F-1)
O2F2 (two non metals)
Ga2O3 (Ga3+, O2-)
(NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4+, Cr2O72-)
Cu3(PO4)2 (Cu2+, PO43-)
Flowchart for Naming Binary Compounds