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METHODS OF PROOFS
LECTURE BY:
MS. CHERRY ROSE ESTABILLO
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
PROOF
A proof is a valid argument that establishes the
truth of a statement.
Proofs have many practical applications:
verification that computer programs are correct
establishing that operating systems are secure
enabling programs to make inferences in artificial
intelligence
showing that system specifications are consistent
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
DEFINITION
A theorem is a statement that can be shown to be
true using:
- definitions
- other theorems
- axioms(statements which are given as true)
- rules of inference
A lemma is a helping theorem or a result which is
needed to prove a theorem.
A corollary is a result which follows directly from a
theorem.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
Definition:
The integer n is even if there exists
an integer k such that n= 2k,
and n is odd if there exists an integer k, such
that n= 2k+ 1.
Note that every integer is either even or odd
and no integer is both even and odd.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
DIRECT PROOFS (p q)
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
Examples
1.) If n is an odd integer, then is odd.
2.) If m and n are both perfect squares, then
mn is also a perfect square.
3.) The sum of two rational numbers is rational.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
INDIRECT METHOD
- It is basically done by assuming the conclusion
to be false and then the process of
arguments lead to a certain contradiction,
that is contradicting the hypothesis, or
maybe some contradictory results arises.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
PROVING BI-IMPLICATIONS
Examples
1.) An integer x is even if and only if x+1 is odd.
2.) n is an even integer if and only if 52 + 12
is even
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
DEFINITION
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
DEFINITION
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
EXAMPLE
1.) Show that the proposition P(0) is true, where
P(n) is If n>1, then n2 > n and the domain
consists of all integers.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
PROOF BY CASES
Examples
1.) Prove that , 2 is an even integer.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
PROOF BY EXHAUSTION
Examples
1.) ( + 1)3 3 if n is a positive integer n<4.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
COUNTEREXAMPLE
Examples
1.) Every positive integer is the sum of the
squares of two integers.
2.) If 2 is positive, then n is positive.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
Exercises
1.) Prove: Let a and b be real numbers such that
a<b. Then there exists a real number c such that
a<c<b.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
PRACTICE
(1) If a and b are positive integers and a2 > b2, then a>b.
(2) If n is a perfect square, then n+2 is not a perfect square.
(3) Show that log 2 is an irrational number.
(4) The sum of an irrational number and a rational
number is irrational.
(5) If m and n are integers and mn is even, then m is even
or n is even.
(6) Show that there is no rational number r for which
3 + + 1 = 0.
CS201 - CRRESTABILLO