Properties of Solution

Chapter 11
Properties of Solutions
Section 11.1
Solution Composition
Various Types of Solutions
Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Section 11.1
moles of solute
Molarity (M ) =
liters of solution
mass of solute
Mass (weight) percent = 100%
mass of solution
moles A
Mole fraction ( A ) =
total moles of solution
moles of solute
Molality ( m ) =
kilogram of solvent
Section 11.1
Molarity
moles of solute
Molarity (M ) =
liters of solution

Section 11.1
EXERCISE!
You have 1.00 mol of sugar in 125.0 mL of
solution. Calculate the concentration in units of
molarity.
8.00 M

Section 11.1
EXERCISE!
You have a 10.0 M sugar solution. What volume
of this solution do you need to have 2.00 mol of
sugar?
0.200 L

Section 11.1
EXERCISE!
Consider separate solutions of NaOH and KCl

made by dissolving 100.0 g of each solute in 250.0
mL of solution. Calculate the concentration of
each solution in units of molarity.
10.0 M NaOH
5.37 M KCl

Section 11.1
Mass Percent
mass of solute
Mass (weight) percent = 100%
mass of solution

Section 11.1
EXERCISE!
What is the percent-by-mass concentration of

glucose in a solution made my dissolving 5.5 g of
glucose in 78.2 g of water?
6.6%

Section 11.1
Mole Fraction
molesA
Mole fraction ( A ) =
total moles of solution

Section 11.1
EXERCISE!
A solution of phosphoric acid was made by

dissolving 8.00 g of H3PO4 in 100.0 mL of water.
Calculate the mole fraction of H3PO4. (Assume
water has a density of 1.00 g/mL.)
0.0145

Section 11.1
Molality
moles of solute
Molality (m) =
kilogram of solvent

Section 11.1
EXERCISE!
A solution of phosphoric acid was made by

dissolving 8.00 g of H3PO4 in 100.0 mL of water.
Calculate the molality of the solution. (Assume
water has a density of 1.00 g/mL.)
0.816 m

Section 11.2
The Energies of Solution Formation
Formation of a Liquid Solution

1. Separating the solute into its individual components
(expanding the solute).
2. Overcoming intermolecular forces in the solvent to
make room for the solute (expanding the solvent).
3. Allowing the solute and solvent to interact to form the
solution.

Section 11.2
Steps in the Dissolving Process

Section 11.2
Steps in the Dissolving Process

Steps 1 and 2 require energy, since forces must be
overcome to expand the solute and solvent.
Step 3 usually releases energy.
Steps 1 and 2 are endothermic, and step 3 is often
exothermic.

Section 11.2
Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution

Enthalpy change associated with the formation of the
solution is the sum of the H values for the steps:
Hsoln = H1 + H2 + H3
Hsoln may have a positive sign (energy absorbed) or a

negative sign (energy released).

Section 11.2
Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution

Section 11.2
CONCEPT CHECK!
Explain why water and oil (a long chain hydrocarbon)

do not mix. In your explanation, be sure to address
how H plays a role.

Section 11.2
The Energy Terms for Various Types of Solutes and Solvents

H1 H2 H3 Hsoln Outcome
Polar solute, polar solvent Large Large Large, negative Small Solution forms
Nonpolar solute, polar solvent Small Large Small Large, positive No solution
forms
Nonpolar solute, nonpolar Small Small Small Small Solution forms

solvent
Polar solute, nonpolar solvent Large Small Small Large, positive No solution
forms

Section 11.2
In General
One factor that favors a process is an increase in
probability of the state when the solute and solvent are
mixed.
Processes that require large amounts of energy tend not
to occur.
Overall, remember that like dissolves like.

Section 11.3
Factors Affecting Solubility
Structure Effects:
Polarity
Pressure Effects:
Henrys law
Temperature Effects:
Affecting aqueous solutions

Section 11.3
Structure Effects
Hydrophobic (water fearing)
Non-polar substances
Hydrophilic (water loving)
Polar substances

Section 11.3
Pressure Effects
Little effect on solubility of solids or liquids
Henrys law: C = kP
C = concentration of dissolved gas
k = constant
P = partial pressure of gas solute
above the solution
Amount of gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to
the pressure of the gas above the solution.

Section 11.3
A Gaseous Solute

Section 11.3
Temperature Effects (for Aqueous Solutions)

Although the solubility of most solids in water increases
with temperature, the solubilities of some substances
decrease with increasing temperature.
Predicting temperature dependence of solubility is very
difficult.
Solubility of a gas in solvent typically decreases with
increasing temperature.

Section 11.3
The Solubilities
of Several Solids
as a Function of
Temperature

Section 11.3
The Solubilities of
Several Gases in Water

Section 11.4
The Vapor Pressures of Solutions
An Aqueous Solution and Pure Water in a Closed Environment

Section 11.4
Liquid/Vapor Equilibrium
To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode

PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play
Mac Users: CLICK HERE
Section 11.4
Vapor Pressure Lowering: Addition of a Solute

Section 11.4
Vapor Pressures of Solutions

Nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of a
solvent.
Raoults Law: Psoln = solv Psolv
Psoln = observed vapor pressure of solution
solv = mole fraction of solvent
Psolv = vapor pressure of pure solvent

Section 11.4
A Solution Obeying Raoults Law

Section 11.4
Nonideal Solutions
Liquid-liquid solutions where both components are
volatile.
Modified Raoults Law:
PTotal = APA + BPB
Nonideal solutions behave ideally as the mole fractions

approach 0 and 1.

Section 11.4
Vapor Pressure for a Solution of Two Volatile Liquids

Section 11.4
Summary of the Behavior of Various Types of Solutions

Deviation
Interactive Forces Between
T for Solution from
Solute (A) and Solvent (B) Hsoln Example
Formation Raoults
Particles
Law
None (ideal Benzene-

A A, B B A B Zero Zero
solution) toluene
Negative Acetone-
A A, B B < A B Positive Negative
(exothermic) water
Positive Ethanol-
A A, B B > A B Negative Positive
(endothermic) hexane

Section 11.4
CONCEPT CHECK!
For each of the following solutions, would you expect it

to be relatively ideal (with respect to Raoults Law),
show a positive deviation, or show a negative deviation?
a) Hexane (C6H14) and chloroform (CHCl3)
b) Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and water
c) Hexane (C6H14) and octane (C8H18)

Section 11.5
Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point
Depression
Colligative Properties
Depend only on the number, not on the identity, of the
solute particles in an ideal solution:
Boiling-point elevation
Freezing-point depression
Osmotic pressure

Section 11.5
Depression
Boiling-Point Elevation
Nonvolatile solute elevates the boiling point of the
solvent.
T = Kbmsolute
T = boiling-point elevation
Kb = molal boiling-point elevation constant
msolute = molality of solute

Section 11.5
Depression
Boiling Point Elevation: Liquid/Vapor Equilibrium

Section 11.5
Depression
Boiling Point Elevation: Addition of a Solute

Section 11.5
Depression
Boiling Point Elevation: Solution/Vapor Equilibrium

Section 11.5
Depression
Freezing-Point Depression
When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the freezing
point of the solution is lower than that of the pure
solvent.
T = Kfmsolute
T = freezing-point depression
Kf = molal freezing-point depression constant
msolute = molality of solute

Section 11.5
Depression
Freezing Point Depression: Solid/Liquid Equilibrium

Section 11.5
Depression
Freezing Point Depression: Addition of a Solute

Section 11.5
Depression
Freezing Point Depression: Solid/Solution Equilibrium

Section 11.5
Depression
Changes in Boiling Point and Freezing Point of Water

Section 11.5
Depression
EXERCISE!
A solution was prepared by dissolving 25.00 g of

glucose in 200.0 g water. The molar mass of
glucose is 180.16 g/mol. What is the boiling point
of the resulting solution (in C)? Glucose is a
molecular solid that is present as individual
molecules in solution.
100.35 C

Section 11.5
Depression
EXERCISE!
You take 20.0 g of a sucrose (C12H22O11) and NaCl

mixture and dissolve it in 1.0 L of water. The freezing
point of this solution is found to be -0.426C.
Assuming ideal behavior, calculate the mass percent
composition of the original mixture, and the mole
fraction of sucrose in the original mixture.
72.8% sucrose and 27.2% sodium chloride;

mole fraction of the sucrose is 0.313
Section 11.5
Depression
EXERCISE!
A plant cell has a natural concentration of

0.25 m. You immerse it in an aqueous solution with a
freezing point of 0.246C. Will the
cell explode, shrivel, or do nothing?

Section 11.6
Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis flow of solvent into the solution through a

semipermeable membrane.
= MRT
= osmotic pressure (atm)
M = molarity of the solution
R = gas law constant
T = temperature (Kelvin)

Section 11.6
Osmotic Pressure

Section 11.6
Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis

Section 11.6
Osmotic Pressure

Section 11.6
Osmotic Pressure
EXERCISE!
When 33.4 mg of a compound is dissolved in

10.0 mL of water at 25C, the solution has an
osmotic pressure of 558 torr. Calculate the
molar mass of this compound.
111 g/mol

Section 11.7
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
vant Hoff Factor, i

The relationship between the moles of solute dissolved
and the moles of particles in solution is usually
expressed as:
moles of particles in solution
i =
moles of solute dissolved

Section 11.7
Ion Pairing
At a given instant a small percentage of the sodium and
chloride ions are paired and thus count as a single
particle.

Section 11.7
Examples
The expected value for i can be determined for a salt by
noting the number of ions per formula unit (assuming
complete dissociation and that ion pairing does not
occur).
NaCl i=2
KNO3 i=2
Na3PO4 i=4

Section 11.7
Ion Pairing
Ion pairing is most important in concentrated solutions.
As the solution becomes more dilute, the ions are
farther apart and less ion pairing occurs.
Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte
solutions.
Ion pairing is most important for highly charged ions.

Section 11.7
Modified Equations
T = imK
= iMRT

Section 11.8
Colloids
A suspension of tiny particles in some medium.

Tyndall effect scattering of light by particles.
Suspended particles are single large molecules or
aggregates of molecules or ions ranging in size from 1 to
1000 nm.

Section 11.8
Colloids
Types of Colloids

Section 11.8
Colloids
Coagulation
Destruction of a colloid.
Usually accomplished either by heating or by adding an
electrolyte.

Properties of Solution

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Properties of Solution

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 11

Various Types of Solutions

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

Consider separate solutions of NaOH and KCl

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8

What is the percent-by-mass concentration of

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

A solution of phosphoric acid was made by

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12

A solution of phosphoric acid was made by

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

Formation of a Liquid Solution

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

Steps in the Dissolving Process

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

Steps in the Dissolving Process

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution

Hsoln may have a positive sign (energy absorbed) or a

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17

Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18

Explain why water and oil (a long chain hydrocarbon)

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

The Energy Terms for Various Types of Solutes and Solvents

Nonpolar solute, nonpolar Small Small Small Small Solution forms

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25

Temperature Effects (for Aqueous Solutions)

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

An Aqueous Solution and Pure Water in a Closed Environment

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29

To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode

Vapor Pressure Lowering: Addition of a Solute

To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode

Vapor Pressures of Solutions

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 32

A Solution Obeying Raoults Law

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 33

PTotal = APA + BPB

Nonideal solutions behave ideally as the mole fractions

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 34

Vapor Pressure for a Solution of Two Volatile Liquids

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 35

Summary of the Behavior of Various Types of Solutions

None (ideal Benzene-

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 36

For each of the following solutions, would you expect it

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 37

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 38

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 39

To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode