MECHANICS OF

SOLIDS
 Syllabus

Axial, shear and Thermal stresses and strains in solids- Elastic

constants and relationship between them - Analytical method and
Graphical methods for determination of Principal stresses and
strains - Bending moment and Shear force of determinate beams
Theory of pure bending and elastic torsion -Stresses in beams due
to bending, shear and torsion- Strength of section- power
transmitted by shafts
 Stress

The resisting force normal to the sectional plane is called

Normal Stress Or Direct Stress
 Stress
DIRECT STRESS
When a force is applied to an body, the body deforms. The way in
which the body deforms depends upon the type of force applied to it.

Compression force makes the body shorter.

A tensile force makes the body longer

 Stress
P P

=P/A

m n
m n

P= A

Axial Compression
P P
Axial tension Shortens the bar
Stretches the bars & tends to Crushing
pull it apart Buckling
Rupture
 Stress
Resistance offered by the material per unit cross-sectional area is
called STRESS.

= P/A
where,
P Load applied (N)
A Cross-sectional Area (m2)
Unit of Stress - N/m2
Strain
 Strain
The change in length per unit length is known as linear strain

dl
Strain
l
The lateral strain may be defined as changes in the lateral
dimension per unit lateral dimension
Problem
A short hollow, cast iron cylinder with wall thickness
of 10 mm is to carry compressive load of 100 kN.
Compute the required outside diameter `D , if the
working stress in compression is 80 N/mm2.

10 mm
D
Stress- Strain Curve for Mild Steel
Yield stress Ultimate stress point
Point
Breaking stress point

Plastic state
Of material
Stress
Elastic State
Of material
E = modulus of elasticity

Strain
 Hookes Law
Stress is proportional to strain up to elastic limit. This
is called Hookes law.

A

stress = E
E
O
strain
where E is the constant of proportionality of the
material, known as modulus of elasticity or
Youngs modulus
 = P/A and = dl / l

P/A = E (dl / l)

dl = PL /AE
Problem
A circular rod of diameter 16 mm and 500 mm
long is subjected to a tensile force 40 kN. The
modulus of elasticity for steel may be taken as
200 kN/mm2. Find stress, strain and elongation
of the bar due to applied load.
BARS WITH VARYING
CROSS-SECTIONS
Problem
The bar shown in Fig. is tested in universal testing
machine. It is observed that at a load of 40 kN the
total extension of the bar is 0.280 mm. Determine
the Youngs modulus of the material.
BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY
VARYING CROSS-SECTIONS
A steel flat of thickness 10 mm tapers uniformly
from 60 mm at one end to 40 mm at other end in a
length of 600 mm. If the bar is subjected to a load
of 80 kN, find its extension. Take E = 2 105 MPa.
What is the percentage error if average area is used
for calculating extension?
A 2.0 m long steel bar is having uniform diameter
of 40 mm for a length of 1 m and in the next 0.5 m
its diameter gradually reduces from 40 mm to 20
mm as shown in Fig. Determine the elongation of
this bar when subjected to an axial tensile load of
200 kN. Given E = 200 GN/m2.
Principle of superposition
The resultant of similar vector quantities at a point
is a function of the sum of the individual quantities

Problem
A brass bar having a cross-sectional area of 1000 mm2,
is subjected to the axial forces shown in fig. Find the
total elongation of the bar. Take E = 1.05 x 105 N/mm2
 SHEAR STRESS
A material is said to be in a state of simple shear
if it is subjected to only shearing stress. A
shearing force tries to shear off the cross-section
of the body.