Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Multiple Access Techniques
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Multiple Access (MA) Technologies
Cellular System MA Technique
AMPS ( Advanced Mobile Phone FDMA / FDD
system )
GSM ( Global System for Mobile ) TDMA / FDD
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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
code C1 C2 CN
frequency
time frequency
C1 C2 CN
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Principle of FDMA Operation
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Cell capacity of FDMA System
Bg Bg
Bt
Capacity/cell N
Bt 2 Bg
N 2/ n
6 S
Bc n / 2
3 I min
where n is the path loss exponent
S
7 I is the minimum required Signal to Interferen ce ratio
min
Example
In the US, each cellular carrier has 416 channels
Assuming negligible noise input:
Bt 12.5MHz
Bg 10KHz
Bc 30KHz
(12.5 106 ) 2(10 103 )
N 416
30 10 3
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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
code
C1
CN
frequency
time time
C1 C2 CN
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TDMA Operating principle
TDMA systems divide each FDMA channel into
time slots
Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time
slot.
TDMA can allow different number of time slots
for separate user
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TDMA Frame Structure
Preamble Information Trail Bits
message
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Components of TDMA Frame
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TDMA properties
Data Transmission for user of TDMA system
occurs in discrete bursts
o The result is low battery consumption.
o Handoff process is simpler
Since different slots are used for T and R,
duplexers are not required.
Equalization is required, since transmission
rates are higher than FDMA channels
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Efficiency of TDMA
Frame Efficiency
No.ofbits / frame containingtransmitted data
f
Total Numberof bits / frame
(1 bOH / b T ) 100
(bT bOH )
100
bT
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Frame efficiency parameters
bT Total Number of bits per frame
=Tf R
Tf =Frame duration
R=Channel bit rate
bOH =Number of overhead bits /frame
=Nr br Nt bp Nt b g Nr b g
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Frame efficiency parameter definition
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Cell capacity in TDMA System
Bt 2 Bg
N m 2/ n
6 S
Bc n / 2
3 I min
where n is the path loss exponent
S
I is the minimum required Signal to Interferen ce ratio
min
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Example
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Solution
Time duration of a bit
1 1
=Tb = 3.692 s
bit-rate 270.833 10 3
8 Tslot 4.615ms
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Example
If a normal GSM timeslot consists of 6 trailing bits,
8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2 traffic bursts
of 58 bits of data, find the frame efficiency.
Solution
Time slot has 6+ 8.25+ 26 + 2(58) = 156.25 bits.
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Number of possible users in CDMA
WR
N 1 S
Eb
No
where W R Pr oces sing Gain
is the background thermal noise
S is the average user power
W is the total RF bandwidth
R is the information bit rate
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Techniques to improve capacity
Antenna Sectorization
Sectoral antennas at 120 degrees increases the
capacity by a factor of 3
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Capacity Improvement
W
Ns 1 1 R
a Eb
,)0 a 1
(S a )
N
o
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Example
If W = 1.25 MHz, R= 9600 bps, and a minimum
acceptable Eb/ No is 10 dB, determine the
maximum number of users that can be supported
in a single cell CDMA system using:
omni directional base station antennas and no
voice activity detection
3 sectors at base station and a = 3/8. Assume
the system is interference limited. = 0.
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Solution
(a)
WR
N 1
Eb
S
No
1.25 10
1 9600 0
10
1 13.02 14
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(b) Users per sector
W
Ns 1 1 R
a Eb
(S a
,)0 a 1
N
o
1 1.25 10
1 9600 0
3 10
8
35.7
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Total users N in 3 sectors
3Ns
3 35.7
107 users / cell
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