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OFDM Challenges
Tolerance to frequency offset.
The high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitter
signal. It requires transmitter with linear response in a large range.
Those high linear response amplifier have a low power conversion
efficiency and therefore they are not ideal for Mobile Stations. In LTE
the problem was solved by adopting SC-FDMA for Uplink, which has
better power amplifier efficiency.
Solution?
-> see next slide
OFDMA
allocation offered by OFDM.
SC-FDMA
It can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared to
OFDMA
TS36.201 and TS36.211 provide the mathematical
description of the time domain representation of an SC-
FDMA symbol.
Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware
requirements ( power amplifier)
SC-FDMA will be used for both FDD and TDD
modes
OFDMA SC-FDMA
10000 10000
8000 8000
6000 6000
4000 4000
2000 2000
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-20 -20
-40 -40
-60 -60
-80 -80
-100 -100
-120 -120
If the data rate increases more bandwidth is needed to transmit more modulation
symbols (when data rate is doubled the resource allocation in the frequency domain is
also doubled). The individual transmission is now shorter in time but wider in the
frequency domain. For double data rate the amount of inputs in transmitter doubles and
the sub-symbol duration is halved. Note that the SC-FDMA is still 67 s
In the example 6 modulation symbols are sent initially and 12 modulations for double
data rate
Double
the data Halved SC-FDMA
rate sub-symbol
SC-FDMA duration
sub-symbol
duration
Doubled
Initial bandwidth
bandwidth
SC-FDMA SC-FDMA
16 Nokia Siemens Networks
symbol 67s symbol 67s
SC-FDMA
Frequency Domain
Frequency Domain
Up-conversion
b20 ,b21, Modulation d1 g2
Time Domain
Generation
CP/Guard
Binary Mapper
Bit DFT
Coded . . . IFFT Modulation
Distrib. (FFT)
Data . . .
. . .
bK-1 0 Modulation dK-1 gK-1
Mapper
sN-1
s0
g0 sa
g1 sa+1
d2 dK-1
DFT g2
d0 d1 sa+2
.
.
. sa+x
gK-1
sN-1
18 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA
Terminal 2
The zero padded DFT output is mapped to the number of subcarriers (IFFT
size)
Terminal 1 transmits in
the 0-6 MHz range
Up - Conversion
28 Nokia Siemens Networks
Up-conversion
Time
domain
Frequency
domain