CONCEPTS

THEORY
HYPOTHESES
FACTS
 Concepts

Goode .P.K.Hatt ;
A concept is a word or set of words that
express a general idea concerning the
nature of something or the relations
between things .
set of words express a general idea
general idea relations between things
 It is an idea that is expressed in words,
It consists of both a word & a definition.
Some time concepts seen obvious,
concrete, & tangible.
But some times they are not obvious.
It is an idea that is expressed in words both a word & a definition
Some time concepts seen obvious some times they are not obvious
 Features
1. Abstract /obvious nature
2. Set of words or idea
3. Hypothesis consist of concept
4. Direct / Indirect communication
Abstract /obvious nature

Hypothesis consist of concept

Direct / Indirect communication
5. Having high opinion or great respect
6. Link with the social world
7. Persons involvement with social group
8. Shared experience.
high opinion or great respect Link with the social world
Persons involvement with social group Shared experience.
 Importance of Concepts

1. Important in the theoretical frame work

2. Support to data classification
3. It is essential in describing the findings
4. Generalization of abstracts
theoretical frame work Support to data classification
6. It is express a general idea about relations
7. Concepts are the basics of building a theory
8.That are given precise meanings to research
general idea about relations basics of building a theory
9.For the use to real, nominal, operational
explanations .
10.The research consisted experience.
 operational explanations

precise meanings to research

research consisted experience
 Types of Concepts

Concrete Concepts ; Book, table, building

etc.

Abstract Concepts; Weight, hight,

attitude, intelligence, leadership.
Concrete Concepts
Abstract Concepts
 A theory attempts to answer the why &
how questions.
It tries to predict the social phenomena.
why & how
 A theory is a statement held as an
explanation of facts or phenomena.
A theory is a logically interrelated &
empirically verifiable set of propositions.
explanation of facts theory is a statement
 Definitions
Bailey;- Theory is a process which
explains social phenomena, by relating it
to some other phenomena.
relating it to some other phenomena
 Land;- A scientific theory is a set of
concepts & propositions asserting
relationships among the observed
activities.
relationships among the observed activities
 Features [Cohen]

1. It as a set of interdependent propositions

2. The propositions explained by theory
3. The explanations has a certain level of
generality
interdependent propositions The propositions explained by theory
4.The propositions empirically testable
5.The propositions are not vague
6.The propositions has own validity.
propositions empirically testable propositions are not vague
 Stages of Theory
1. Giving propositions
2. Describing the pattern of relationship
among the propositions
3. Explaining the relationships of pattern
4. Empirical testing of relationships b/w
propositions.
Giving propositions relationships of pattern
 Types of theory

1. Analytical theory;
Real world sets of axiomatic statements
2. Normative Theory
Elaborate a set of ideal states to which
one may aspire.
 set of ideal states

sets of axiomatic statements

3. Scientific Theory
It is assets a causal connection b/w two or
types of events.

4. Metaphysical Theory
Which are not strictly testable though they
may be subject to rational appraisal.
causal connection b/w two or types of events not strictly testable
 Relationship b/w Theory & Research.

1. The Research has only collect data &

examine it in the light of theory.

2. Theory has to be integrated with data

collecting.

3. The way of thinking is referred to

theories.
Theory & Research The way of thinking is referred to theories
4. The Research move from facts to
theories.
5. Focusing on criteria that determine
whether the given propositions
constitute theory.
from facts to theories
6. Making theoretical constructs operations
7. Testing theory from research.
theoretical constructs operations Testing theory from research
 HYPOTHESIS
The term hypothesis consisted two terms
Hypo & Thesis.
Literally hypo means under or below
thesis which means a reason theory or
rational viewpoint.
 A hypothesis is an assumption about
relations between variables.
It is tentative explanations of research
problem or a guess about the research
out come.
 Definitions
1.Theodor son
Hypothesis is a tentative statement
asserting a relationship between certain
facts.
2.Black &Champion
Hypothesis is a tentative statement about
something the validity of which is
usually unknown.
3.Karlinger
Conjectural statement of the relationship
between two or more variables.
 Features
1.It should be empirically testable whether
it is right or wrong
2.It should be specific and precise
3. Should not be contradictory
right or wrong specific and precise
4.It should specify variables between which
the relationship is to be established
5.It should describe one issue only.
specify variables
 Types of Hypothesis
1.Working hypothesis
2.Research hypothesis
3.Null hypothesis
4.Stastical hypothesis
5.Alternative hypothesis
6.Scientific hypothesis
1.Working Hypothesis
It is used to designing the final research
plan and for the right context and to
reduce the research topic an acceptable
size.
2.Research Hypothesis
Researcher believes that, it is true and
wants that, it should be disproved.
3.Null Hypothesis
It is reverse of research hypothesis. It is a
hypothesis of no relationship. It can be
true or false or it can not be both.
4.Statistical Hypothesis
This is explaining the statement of
observation about statistical populations
that one seek to support or refute.
5.Alternative Hypothesis
It is set of two hypothesis. Research and
null, which state the opposite of the null
hypothesis.
6.Scientific Hypothesis
Contains based on or derived from
sufficient theoretical and empirical data.
Importance
1.To guide social research about structure
and operation
2.Tooffer a temporary answer to research
questions
3.To facilitate statistical analysis
4.Support to how to conduct inquiry
5.Support to what types of data need to
research
6.As a knowledge as they stand a part from
mans values and opinions
7.To describe social phenomena
8.To indicate need to change in systems and
structures
9.To help in formulating social policy
10.To assist in refusing certain common
sense notions[Men are more intelligent
than women]
THANK YOU
 FACTS
Scientific study involves facts and theories
Fact is an abstraction,
Fact is a observation which is based upon
experience.
Fact is a correct observation.
Age
 Definitions
1.Oxford Dictionary
A fact is happening of an incident a correct
statement, a matter of experience, the
reality of situation, the conclusion of
some observation or actually present
phenomena.
Right to assurance Right to job & equal wage
2.Bogardas
A fact is a phase of behaviour [thinking,
feeling, acting] which is subjective to the
observer and which has a coercive
nature.
3.Durkhiem
Social fact are actually existent religion,
mores, and beliefs are social fact.
conscience and religion
4.According to one view
Facts are true and they are the real elements
of incidents.
feel of threatened upset your balance
 Characteristics
1.Reality of situation
2.Hetrogenity of individual and collective
states of mind[willing, sacrifice,
patriotism]
3.Difference between individual attitudes
and behaviour
avoid an accident
4.Uniformities of social statistics
5.Philosophical theory of emergence
6.Particular manner or situation
7.Forced or optional observation
 your productivity

your mood,

your quality of
life.

your relationships
8.Preconceptions and prejudies
9.Condition of human beings
10.Elements of incidents
model adopted in society
 Importance of facts
1.Support to direct contact with things
2.Support to enquiry about hypothesis,
preconception, or prejudies
3.It has a definite problem to solve
4.Facts clearly depends upon the stage of
our inquiry
5.No sharp line dividing facts from guesses
6.The status of propositions may change
from that of hypothesis to that facts