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BRIDGES
INTRODUCTION
A solution to urban flyovers
Composite Action
Integral action of primary supporting steel
member and supported concrete deck, with or
without limited interface, to ensure greater
strength and stability.
Composite action is achieved by connecting
both materials by shear studs.
Contd..
Composite Bridges with Deck sheeting
Composite Bridges without Deck sheeting
Existing Composite Bridges
Dunn Memorial Bridge
Location: Albany and Rensse
laer, New York
Design: Steel Girder
No.of lanes:8
Clearance:60f
Existing Composite Bridges
Clover bar Bridge
Location: Edmonton,Cana
da
Design: Steel Girder
Under construction
ADVANTAGES
Economical for spans of 20m to 30m
More efficient use of material
Greater vertical clearance by effecting
reduction in beam depth
Enhance stiffness, which in turn makes the
deck sustain greater vehicle loading
DESIGN ASPECTS
As per pure bending theory,
Bending stress = Bending moment
Section Modulus
Composite Sections provide substantial
section modulus with minimum material.
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
ELASTIC ANALYSIS
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
Limit State Method of Design as per IRC 22-
2008
Service limit state
Fatigue limit state
Ultimate limit state
Load combinations as per IRC 6
Design of girder
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
Design of girder
Sectional classification of composite section
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
STEEL ELEMENTS IN Least favorable class
COMPRESSION
TOP FLANGE OF STEEL More favorable class
SECTION AFTER RC
CONCRETE
CONNECTION
Shear Connectors
a. Tie the concrete slab to the steel beam in order to
transfer the horizontal shear between the slab and the
beam without slip.
b. To prevent the vertical separation of the slab from the
structural steel member at the inner face
Horizontal shear (Sh) = Vm/I
V-Vertical shear
M-statical moment of the transformed area
I M.O.I of transformed composite section
The Shearing Force Distribution Mechanism
Types of shear Connectors
Flexible shear connectors-Resistance by
bending
Bond or anchorage connectors
Rigid shear connectors-Resistance by bearing
of concrete
Flexible shear connectors
It resists shear forces by bending, tension or
shearing in the root, at the connection point of
steel beam, where they are subject to plastic
deformations when they reach the ultimate
strength values.
The manner of failure of flexible shear connector
is more ductile and is not prompt
Flexible shear connectors
Types
Welded Steel Connectors
Stud head diameter of d+12 mm
stud height of 12 mm
steel of ultimate strength of 4600 kg/cm2, yield point of 3500 kg/cm2
and an elongation of 20 percent
a) If H/d < 4.2,
Q = 4.8Hd( )^1/2 kg
cu
Check for
a. Ultimate limit state
Ac = b*t / k*m
K 1 for live load & 3 for dead load
m Modular ratio Es/Ec
Kc = Ac/(Ac+As)
Yc = (yts+ec)*Kc
Ic = Is+Ac.t^2/12+(yts+ec)yc.As
Ytc = yts-yc
Ybc = ybs+yc
Ycc = ytc+ec+t/2
Stress at top of steel beam f = Mc.ytc/Ic
Stress at bottom of steel beam fb = Mc.ybc/Ic
Stress at top of concrete fc = Mc.ycc/Ic
Vertical shear is resisted by the web of the
section.
Shrinkage stresses
Compression Ft = 0.0002 Es (Kc + (ycc-0.5t) /
(Stc/Ac)
Tension Fb = 0.0002 Es (-Kc + (ycc-0.5t) /
(Sbc/Ac)