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Introduction to Database
Systems
P1
P R ES E N TAT I O N BY:
D r. R a ke s h R a t h i
A s s i s t a n t P ro fe s s o r a n d H e a d
Department Of Computer Science And IT
Govt. Engineering College Ajmer
What is Database System?
Database:
a very large, integrated collection of data.
In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file systems.
Data isolation
o Multiple files and formats
Integrity problems
o Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance > 0) become buried in program code rather than being
stated explicitly
o Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
Security problems
o Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information
(such as an employees salary) for security purposes.
Rows
Issues:
Storage access
File organization
Indexing and hashing
Cost difference between a good and a bad way of evaluating a query can be enormous
Need to estimate the cost of operations
Depends critically on statistical information about relations which the database must maintain
Need to estimate statistics for intermediate results to compute cost of complex expressions
Database
DB