Cellular Telephone Concepts

Introduction
Began in the 1940s

MTS (mobile telephone systems or manual

telephone systems )
Mobile unit & Base station
single carrier

frequency 35-MHz to 45-MHz

frequency modulation

calls were handled by an operator

(just like public telephone network)
 The mobile unit with push-to-talk (PTT) switch to activate the
transceiver

Half-duplex (single carrier)

All subscribers with their mobile telephones turned on could

hear any conversation

Once the operator got the signal from destination mobile unit
then operator disconnected and mobile units will communicate

MTS numbers were generally five digits long

Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS)
Uses number of carrier frequencies
several simultaneous mobile conversations at the
same time

Assigned a regular PSTN telephone number &

eliminating the need for an operator

IMTS and MTS

base station 100 W to 200 W
mobile unit 5 W and 25 W
 FACTors
Cost
Frequency spectrum
Technology
Reliability
Capacity
Roaming.. Handoff
Peoples lifestyle
Etc.
 EVOLUTION
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
MTS (mobile telephone systems)
Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS)
American Radio Telephone Service (ARTS)
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

To improve the capacity etc

standards, modulation(FM), FDMA , TDMA ,
CDMA,
 CELLULAR TELEPHONE
1947 by Bell telephone Labs + telecom..comp..

Main concepts:
o Coverage Zone
o Division of Area
o Cells
o Capacity and its Improvement
o Frequency reuse
o Speed , efficiency , storage
(IC..MP..MC..SS7)
 Cell Pattern
Division of Area. How?
Forming Cells . Shape?
Hexagonal shape. Why not circles?
Honeycomb patten

Macrocells (1-15 miles radius, 1-6 W power by BS)

Microcells (<=1500 ft , 0.1 1 W)
Picocells
 Cells Based on Base Station
Center excited cell
Edge excited cell
Corner excited cell

What kind of antennas are required?

(Omni-directional , directional)
 Frequency Reuse Concept
We can use the same frequency channels In
different cells
Mathematical.
Total area divided into N cells having same no. of
channels

total number of cellular channels available in a cluster

F = GN
F = number of full-duplex cellular channels available in a cluster
G = number of channels in a cell
N = number of cells in a cluster

If the cluster is duplicated m times then channels

available
C = mGN = mF
 Cluster Size N (typical 3,7,12.)

Frequency Reuse Factor(FRF)

number of subscribers can use the same set of
frequencies (channels) at the same time in a small
area

FRF - frequency reuse factor (unitless)

N - total number of full-duplex channels in an area
C - total number of full-duplex channels in a cell
 N = i^2 + ij + j^2
N - number of cells per cluster
i and j - nonnegative integer values

Process of finding the tier with the nearest co-

channel cells (called the first tier)

1. Move i cells through the center of successive cells.

2. Turn 60 in a counterclockwise direction.
3. Move j cells forward through the center of successive cells.
Co-Channel Interference
Adjacent-Channel Interference
Cell Splitting
Sectoring
Sectoring
Cellular System Topology
Handoff