Host Defense Against Tumors

TUMOR IMMUNITY
Host Defense Against Tumor

The human body has the ability to resist

almost all types of organisms or toxins
that tend to damage the tissues and
organs.
This capability is called immunity.
Innate immunity- warning system
that activates components of adaptive immunity
early in the course of infection.
Adaptive immunity- immune responses mediated
by T and B lymphocytes
Immune system
System that recognizes and opposes
disease by interacting combinations of all
bodys ways of recognizing cells, tissue,
objects, and organisms that are not part
of itself, and initiating the immune
response to fight them
Tumors are not entirely self thus maybe
recognized by the immune system
Immune System

Immune Surveillance (Lewis Thomas and Macfarlane Burnet)

-to survey the body by emerging
malignant cells and destroy them

Cancers occur in immunocompetent

individuals and suggests that immune
surveillance is imperfect and often cannot
control rapidly growing tumors
TUMOR Antigens

Antigensforeign or self molecules that

are recognized by the adaptive and
innate immune systems resulting in
immune cell triggering cell activation,
and/or B cell antibody production.
TUMOR Antigens

Two Categories
Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) =present
only on tumor cells and not on any normal
cells

Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)

=present on tumor cells and also on some
normal cells
TUMOR Antigens

Main classes of tumor antigens

1. Product of Mutated Oncogenes and Tumor
Suppressor Genes
2. Products of Other Mutated Genes
3. Overexpressed or Aberrantly Expressed
Cellular proteins
4. Tumor Antigens Produced by Oncogenic
Viruses
TUMOR Antigens

Main classes of tumor antigens

5. Oncofetal Antigens
6. Altered Cell-Surface Glycolipids and
Glycoproteins
7. Cell Type-Specific Differentation Antigens
Main Classes of Tumor Antigens
The products of altered protooncogenes and tumor
1.) Products of suppressor genes are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the
tumor cells, and like any cytolic protein, they may enter
mutated the class 1 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
oncogenes antigen processing pathway and be recognized by CD8+
and tumor T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes
suppressor
genes
These antigens are extremely diverse because the
2.) Products of carcinogens that induce the tumors may randomly
mutagenize virtually any host gene and the class I MHC
Other Mutated antigen-presenting pathway can display peptides from
Mutated any mutated cystolic protein in each tumor
Genes
Main Classes of Tumor Antigens
These are cellular proteins that are abnormally
3.) Overexpressed expressed in tumor cells and elicit immune
or Aberrantly responses. One of such antigen is tyrosinase.
expressed Cellular
Proteins
It includes antigens of HPV and EBV that are
4.) Tumor Antigens recognized by the CTLs
Produced by
Oncogenic Viruses
These are proteins that are expressed at high
5.) Oncofetal levels on cancer cells and in normal developing
Antigens (fetal) but not in adult tissues
Main Classes of Tumor Antigens
They express higher than normal levels and/or
6.) Altered Cell abnormal forms
surface
Gycolipids and
Glycoproteins
They are specific for particular lineages or
7.) Cell type- differentiation stages of various cell types
specific
differentiation
antigens
 Normal host cell displaying multiple
MHC-associated self antigens
(Major Histacompatibility
Complex)