NARULA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical Engineering

WIND TURBINES AND ITS GRID

CONNECTIVITY

ABHINAW KUMAR RAI

M.TECH(POWER SYSTEM)
1ST YR 2ND SEM
Roll No 433016010001
Registration no 161270410037
CONTENTS
What Makes Wind
Global Wind Patterns
History of Wind Energy
Why Wind Energy
Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide
Modern Wind Turbines
How does a Wind Turbine work
Mathematical Expression Governing
Wind Power
Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs)
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Grid Connection
Conclusion
References
What Makes Wind
Global Wind Patterns
History of Wind Energy

500-900 1300 AD 1850s Late 1880s

5000 BC First horizontal- Daniel Halladay Thomas O. Perry
Sailboats used on AD axis and conducted 5,000
the Nile indicate First windmills windmills in John Burnham wind experiments;
the power of wind developed in Europe build starts Aermotor
Persia Halladay Company
Windmill;
start US Wind
1888 Early 1900s Engine Company
1941
1979
Charles F. Brush Windmills in CA In VT, Grandpas
First wind turbine
used windmill to pumped saltwater Knob turbine
rated over 1 MW
generate electricity to evaporate ponds supplies power to
began operating
in Cleveland, OH town during WWII

1993 2004 2013

1985 Electricity from
US WindPower Wind power provided
CA wind capacity
developed wind generation over 17% of INDIA
exceeded 1,000 MW
first commercial costs 3 to 4.5 cents renewable 28,082 MW
variable-speed wind per kWh energy used in US
turbine
(OCT 2016)
In 2015, the (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) set the target for Wind Power generation
capacity by the year 2022 at 60,000 MW
Why Wind Energy?
Clean, zero emissions
NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
Air quality, water quality
Climate change

Reduce fossil fuel dependence

Energy independence
Domestic energynational security

Renewable
No fuel-price volatility
 Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide

Wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy resources in the

world. For the last five years it has been growing at a rate of 24-32%.
Modern Wind Turbines Turbines can be categorized into
two classes based on the
orientation of the rotor.

Vertical axis Horizontal axis

Small (<10 kW)
Homes
Farms
Remote
Applications (e.g.,
water pumping,
Telecom sites, ice
making)

Large (250 kW-2+ MW)

Central Station Wind Farms
Intermediate(10- Distributed Power
250 kW) Schools
Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed Power
Mathematical Expression Governing Wind Power
ENERGY= K.E=
V = Velocity of air mass in m/s

(M)Air mass in Kg= Volume () x Density (Kg/) = Q (DISCHARGE) x

Hence, the expression for power can be derived as follows:

POWER = =) = RATE OF DISCHARGE (/s)

= = A(
= A=AREA OF CROSSECTION OF BLADE MOVEMENT

P=
 We know that for given length of blades, A is constant
P= and so is the air mass density .

wind power (

At sea level, = 1.2 Kg/. Therefore

POWER = (1.2)

= 0.6 = POWER DENSITY IN watts/ .

Let us construct a chart relating the wind speed to the power density and the output of
the wind turbine assuming 30% efficiency of the turbine as shown in the following
table

Wind Wind Power Turbine The following plot gives the relationship
speed speed Density output between wind speed in KMPH and the
KMPH m/s watts/ 30% power density.
efficiency

1 0.278 0.013 0.004

10 2.778 12.860 3.858
25 6.944 200.939 60.282
50 13.889 1607.510 482.253
75 20.833 5425.347 1627.604
100 27.778 12860.08 3858.204
2
Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs)
Wind turbine components:
wind turbine runs at low speed (0.5 Hz)
Mechanical drive train includes a gear box
(converts low speed of turbine to high speed of generator)
 Types of generators
induction generator
synchronous generator
doubly fed induction generator
WTG ratings range from 25 kW to 3 MW

Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

 VARIABLE SPEED OF WIND TURBINE
But a synchronous generator is locked to the speed of the power grid and
cannot speed up
Doubly fed generators are one solution to this problem
There are two three-phase windings, one stationary and one
rotating, both separately connected to equipment outside the
generator.
One winding is directly connected to the output, and produces 3-phase AC power
at the desired grid frequency.
The other winding (traditionally called the field, but here both windings can
be outputs) is connected to 3-phase AC power at variable frequency.
 A wind power plant equipped with doubly fed induction generators connected
to a transmission system
1. V < Vn
RSC Ng (maximum
energy extraction
and the power
factor)
PITCH ANGLE = 0 synchronous generator (SG)
(Max energy capture) power transformer
GSC regulates DC control of terminal voltage (or
LINK voltage in a power factor) is by the field
fixed point excitation

2. V > Vn
RSC-Ng (fixed point) *inject reactive power simultaneously
PITCH ANGLE(controled to the limit) *The voltage reference signals determined by the controller is
GSC regulates DC LINK voltage b/w two converters directly applied to the converters.
Normal Mode Operation

1. Wind speed smaller than the nominal

Rotor side converter (RSC) controls the speed of the generator to follow the
maximum energy extraction (speed is variable) and the power factor.
The blade pitch angle control is set to 0 (maximum energy capture).
Grid side controller regulates the DC link voltage between the two converters in a
fixed point.

2. Wind speed greater than the nominal

Rotor side converter (RSC) controls the speed of the generator to a fixed point.
The blade pitch angle is controlled to limit the energy capture from the wind in
order to do not overcome the generator nominal characteristic.
Grid side converter (GSC) regulates the DC link voltage between the two converters.
 GRID CONNECTION

The rectifier is required if the generated inductors are required to

power is ac by alternator or induction develop the voltage.
generator.
The capacitor is required to smooth the
generated power.
Switches are required to convert the power
to ac to match the grid frequency
3
 Ig* VGRID is fed through a differentiator giving dIg*/dt
This is equivalent to a value given in equation (3). Multiplying this value by L gives
(VinvVgrid).
Adding this to Vgrid taken directly from the grid gives Vinv.
This is compared to the actual Vinv measured at the output of the inverter
If the error is zero, then the voltage across the grid and the voltage at the output
of the inverter are same and hence can be connected to each other.
If there is an error signal then the controller changes the duty cycle of PWM such
that the error signal becomes zero.
CONCLUSION

Various new techniques that are covered here are great future
prospects for our power requirement fulfilment. Wind power is
renewable & does not cause pollution. Efficient techniques of
wind power utilization can solve our energy crisis of the future.
 REFERENCES
Wind Generation (nptel.ac.in/courses/108105058/24)
Exploring Wind Energy (NATIONAL ENERGY ENDUCATION DEVLOPMENT)
Development of Wind Energy in India INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH Deepak Sangroya et al., Vol.5, No.1, 2015
Characteristics of Wind Turbine Generators for Wind Power Plants IEEE PES
Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group
Doubly Fed Induction Generator and Conventional Synchronous Generator
Based Power Plants: Operation during Grid Fault M. B. C. Salles1, A. P. Grilo2
and J. R. Cardoso1 LMAG - Laboratory of Applied Electromagnetism PEA -
Polytechnic School - University of So Paulo - Brazil
THANK YOU