Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HARDWARE
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTERS
COMPUTER
Electronic Device
Machine that performs tasks , such as
calculations, under the control of a set of
instructions called a program.
What is ???
Hardware
Software
1. Application
2. System
Firmware
HARDWARE : Hardware describes all the physical
components of computer i.e. Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor,
Hard disk etc.
Mini Computers
Mainframe Computers
Super Computers
MINICOMPUTER
A mini-computer is larger
than a PC but generally
smaller than a mainframe. A
common operating system is
UNIX though manufacturers
may have their own
proprietary operating
systems as well. Ex. Mini-
computers are well suited
for use in commercial,
business, engineering and
scientific applications.
MAINFRAME
A mainframe may be
shared by large number
of users, often numbering
in the hundreds.
Processing, storage and
printing are shared
services provided in the
mainframe
Ex. Banks, insurance
companies and large
national or international
companies use
mainframe computers.
SUPERCOMPUTER
Processor
Motherboard
RAM
Hard Disk
SMPS
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Printers etc.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE
COMPUTER
Socket Pinless
Processor
Slot
Processor
Processor
Processor
Slot
Generations of Processor
8080 8 2 MHz
80286 16 10 20 MHz
80386 32 20 40 MHz
Floppy Disk
CD-ROM
HARD DISK
HARD DISK
Power Connector
for Hard disk
IDE
connectors
40 Pin IDE
SATA Ports
(7pin 7 wires)
SATA Cables
3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface
P Cable
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
FLOPPY DISK
Mini Molex
Power Connector
for Floppy Drive
15 Pin connector
Joystick
External
Micro
Audio Speakers
phones
Sources
Parallel Port (LPT Port)
25 Pin connector
Printers , Scanners
9 Pin connector
Serial Mouse , External Modem
USB : (Universal Serial Bus)
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Pen Drive
Printers
Many Mores
.
TYPES OF SLOTS
8 / 16 8
32 33 / 66
PCI - Express :
32 2500
32 533
THANK YOU
DAY-2
BOOT PROCESS
POWER ON BOOTABLE DEVICE
SMPS OS LOADING
INTO RAM
MOTHERBOARD
SYSTEM
INITIALIZATION
BIOS
CMOS
BIOS
BIOS (Basic Input/output system) is a set of
instruction or programm that acts as a interface
between the hardware and the operating
system.
MOTHERBOARD SMPS
FORMATTING
OS INSTALLATION
TROUBLESHOOTING
PARTITIONING
Primary Partition
Logical Partition
Extended
Partition
Logical Partition
FORMATTING
Low - Level Format : It turns the platter form
a blank state to a divided slate. It defines the
data areas, creates tracks, separates into
sectors, and the ID numbers to each sector.
High Level Format : It copies hidden
system files to the volume. It writes the boot
sector, creates the FAT, writes the root
directory.
FILE SYSTEM
Cluster size
for a
64 sectors 8 Sectors 4 Sectors
partition
size of 2 GB
Partition
16MB 4GB 512MB 2TB 512MB 16EB
size limit
Windows 98, Windows NT,
Windows XP, Windows XP,
Operating Windows 95,
Windows 2000, Windows 2000,
systems Windows 98
Windows 2003, etc Windows 2003,
etc
Steps for installation of XP OS
Start the PC, insert the CD and enter into the BIOS setup by pressing F2 or
DEL (depending on the BIOS)
Make the Order as CD ROM as First Device
Save the changes and Exit .
TROUBLESHOOTING
Define the problem
Break the cycle into 3 phase
1. System stsrtup phase
2. The Operating system phase
3. System shutdown
Press f8 just after the post complete
Use safe mode to load OS with minimal
drivers
SYSTEM WON`T START
Make sure that power cable is connected
properly.
Check that monitor is on and getting power.
If there is no display go for display test
In case of getting display check for booting
priority.
Check drives connectivity for data cable and
power supply.
BEEP CODES
Contineous beeps system board failure
Long contineous beeps Memory fault
COMPACT BEEPS
1s - no error
1-1s - cmos error
1 2s- Vedio adaptor error
1-1-2 - CPU register test fail
Network
Networking
1. NIC
2. Media
3. Protocols
4. Topology
5. IP Address
NIC ( Network Interface Card ):
No two LAN cards in the world will have the same MAC address.
No. of systems
Speed (mbps)
per network
ARCnet 2.5 255
UTP-72
Token net 4/16/100
STP-260
Ethernet 10 1024
Unguided Media :-
Guided Media :-
Ex: Cables
Co-axial cable
10BASE5 10BASE2
Connectors
BNC British naval connector
T-Connector, Terminator
Twisted pair cable
UTP
Wire jacket
STP
Wire jacket
Metal shield
CAT1 2 1 or 2
CAT2 4 4
CAT3 10 4
CAT4 20 4
CAT5 100 4
CAT5e 500 4
CAT6 1000 4
Fiber optic cable
Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels.
Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light
back into the core
Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
Advantages
1.SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up 2.5 Gbps
2.BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
3.DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further (10 to 12 Km) without
needing to be regenerated or strengthened
4.RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios,
motors or other nearby cables
5.MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain
Transmission Modes
Transmission Types
BUS
Terminator
Co-axial cable
T-Connector
HUB / SWITCH
Layer - 7 Application
User support
Layer - 6 Presentation Layers
or
Layer - 5 Session Software Layers
Application Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing an
interface for the users to
Presentation interact with application
services or Networking Services
Session .
Ex: Web browser, Telnet etc.
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Examples of Networking Services
Service Port No.
HTTP 80
FTP 20/21
SMTP 25
TELNET 23
TFTP 69
Data flow from Application Layer
Application Data
80 21 25 53 67 69
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Presentation Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Session Layer
Session Layer
Application
It is responsible for establishing,
maintaining and terminating the
Presentation
sessions.
Session
Session
Session ID is used to identify a
Transport session or interaction.
Network Examples :
RPC Remote Procedural Call
Data Link SQL Structured Query Language
ASP AppleTalk Session protocol
Physical
Data flow from Session Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Application
It provides data delivery
mechanism between the
Presentation
applications in the network.
The major functions described at
Session
the Transport Layer are..
Transport
Transport
Identifying Service
Network Segmentation
Sequencing & Reassembling
Data Link
Error Correction
Physical Flow Control
Identifying a Service
TCP UDP
A B
Sequencing & Reassembling
you
Hello! Hello! HowHow
You Hello! are ?
you
Are? Hello!
How are
How ?
you ? You Hello! How ? Are
Hello! How Are You ? are
A B
Sequencing & Reassembling
A B
Flow Control
Window Size = 1
Send 1 Receive 1
Ack 2
Send 2 Receive 2
Ack 3
Window Size = 3
Send 3 Receive 3
Send 4 Receive 4
Send 5 Receive 5
Ack 6
Send 7
A B
Error Correction
Segment Missing
Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
A B
Data flow from Transport Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport TH
Segment
Data
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network Layer
Routing Protocols:
Data Link RIP, OSPF.. Etc
Routing protocols performs Path
Physical determination (Routing).
Data flow from Network Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Network NHPacket
Segment
Data Link
Physical
Datalink Layer
Datalink Layer
Application It has 2 sub layers
MAC (Media Access Control) It provides reliable
transit of data across a physical link.
Presentation
It also provides ERROR DETECTION using CRC
Session (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and ordered delivery
of Frames.
Transport Ex: Ethernet, Token ringetc
Data
Data Link
Link
Negotiates with Network Layer using SAP & SNAP
protocols
Physical
Data flow from Data Link Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport Segment
Devices that work at
Data link layer are
Switch, Bridge etc.. Network Packet
Physical
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Application It defines the electrical, Mechanical &
functional specifications for communication
between the Network devices.
Presentation
The functions described at this layer are..
Session Encoding/decoding:
It is the process of converting the binary data
into signals based on the type of the media.
Transport Copper media : Electrical signals of different
voltages
Network Fiber media : Light pulses of different
wavelengths
Frame
Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame
A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B
Data flow from Physical Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport Segment
Network Packet
Devices that work at
physical layer are ..
Hub, Repeater.. Etc Data Link Frame
Physical Bits
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation
A B
Transport TH TH
Transport
Data
Segment TH
Segment
Data
Network NH
Packet
Segment NHPacket
Segment NetworkNH
HTTP Request
HTTP Request
Received HTTP Reply Listen on
http:// www.zoomgroup.com
http://www.zoomgroup.com Port 80
Webpage Sending HTTP Reply
Webpage
FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply
xyz@yahoo.com
xyz
******
DAY - 5
IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing
Priority
Range
Bit
00000000 -
Class A 0 0 127
01111111
10000000
Class B 10 128 191
10111111
11000000
Class C 110 192 223
11011111
11100000 -
Class D 1110 224 239
11101111
11110000 -
Class E 1111 240 - 255
11111111
Each address will have network id and host id in it.
Network &
Subnet Mask
Host IDs
Class A N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 Large networks
Medium
Class B N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
networks
Class C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 Small networks
Multicast
Class D - -
communication
Class E - - R&D
Crimping