Construction and material

TOPIC:
FORMS AND MATERIALs
FOR
SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION
SUBMITTED BY:
AHZAM FAROOQ
ANAMIKA SINGH
MD. SHAQUIB
SUBMITTED TO:
MAYANK MISHRA
PRIYANKA KATIYAR
Ar. Mohd. Azhar RITIKA BHATIA
SALONI AGARWAL
SHRIYA SHUKLA
SURAJ VERMA
THE TOPIC COVERS :-
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REINFORCEMENT TYPES
3. RMC
4. ADVANCED FROMWORK STRUCTURE
5. CLASSIFICATION
6. AVAILABILITY
7. CHARACTERISTICS AND USES.
 INTRODUCTION
In general in concrete construction, we have seen that whatever
elements that has to be casted (beams, columns, slabs etc.) require time for setting.
This is a long drawn process necessary for hardening of concrete.
However, nowadays in large scale projects, newer methods of faster
construction are being explored.
As a result much time cannot be devoted to hardening of each
member.

AS ,WE UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSISTENT

QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN MEETING
LOGISTICALLY COMPLEX AND TIME CRITICAL BUILD
REQUIREMENTS.
As a strategic supply chain partner, we should be able to play our part in
the build process by providing a highly effective and integrated service.
We should be equally able and prepared to respond quickly and
effectively to the inevitable change of plan, even to the unexpected
development, or even the unforeseen disaster.
 THUS, OUR FOCUS SHOULD BE :
Whether we are an international contractor or local builder,
following things must be assured while carrying a speedy
construction,
That we will be working with the people who know what they
are doing ?
And know how to deliver what we want ?
How we want it, where we want it and when we want it. ?????
THUS SUMMING UP
A speedy construction is a process which is usually adopted
nowadays , assuring that a FAST , RELIABLE, SECURE
AND DURABLE construction could be done on the site .
THUS, proving a cost effetive , time effective solution for
HIGH SCALE PROJECTS .
 PARAMETERS OF SPEEDY
CONSTRUCTION
For The Designer
Design Flexibility
Variety Of Finishes
Building Systems
Meets Building Performance
Standards
Modern Methods Of
Construction
For The Occupier
Low Running Costs
Good Acoustic Performance
Healthy IndoorEnvironment For The Occupier
Fire Resistance
Flood Damage
Mortgage, Insurance
And Planning Acceptance
For The Builder
Speed
Reduced Labour
Less Downtime
Immediate Follow-onTrades
Simple Service Installation
Less Plant And Equipment
Good Housekeeping
Site Safety
Cost Savings
For A Sustainable Environment
Superior Thermal
Performance
High Thermal Mass
Waste And Recycling
Fewer Deliveries Less Traffic
 Construction technique no. 1:
RMC (READY MIXED CONCRETE)
 WHAT IS RMC ?
Ready mixed concrete refers to - concrete
that is specifically manufactured for
delivery to the customer's construction
site in a freshly mixed and plastic or
unhardened state.
Concrete itself is a mixture of portland
cement, water and aggregates comprising
sand and gravel or crushed stone.
The RMC supplier provides two services,
firstly one of processing the materials for
making fresh concrete and secondly, of
transporting a product within a short time
Ready mixed concrete is bought and sold
by volume - usually expressed in cubic
meters.
Rmx can be custom made to suit different
applications. SMALL BATCHING PLANT FOR
LOCAL DELIVERIES
INTRODUCTION IN INDIA
In India, RMC was first initially was
used in 1950
during the construction sites of Dams
like Bhakra Nangal, Koyna.
At the construction, the transportation of
concrete is done either manually
or mechanically using ropeways &
buckets or conveyor systems.
 COMPANIES IN INDIA
SUPPLYING RMC
LARSEN & TERBO
ACC LTD
ADITYA BIRLA GROUP
PRIZM
JP CEMENT
 HOW RMC IS MADE?

RAW MATERIALS:
Water sets a chemical reaction with cement
Additives improve durability of hardened concrete
and shorten setting time
Cement gives resistance to concrete, mainly
PORTLAND ( type 1) and POZZOLONA ( type c2) are
used
Aggregates 60-75% Obtained from quarries and
aggregates bank
Air
NOTE: WHILE TRANSPORTING CONCRETE TO A SITE, THE ROTATION OF MIXER
NEVER STOPS AND REVOLVES A T A SPEED OF 2-6 ROTATIONS PER MINUTE
 MIXING PROCESS:
Thorough mixing of the materials is essential for the
production of uniform concrete.
The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes
homogeneous, uniform in color and consistency.
There are three methods adopted for mixing Ready
Mix Concrete.

1. Transit Mixed (or "truck-mixed") Concrete

2. Shrink Mixed Concrete
3. Central Mixed Concrete
 TRANSIT MIXING:-
It is delivered to the worksite,
often in portable transit mixers,
capable of mixing the
ingredients of the concrete just
before the delivery of batch.

the batched materials (sand,

gravel and cement) are carried
and water is added just at the
time of mixing.

This results in a precise mixture,

allowing specialty concrete
mixtures to be developed and
implemented on construction
sites. A TRANSIT MIXER
 SHRINKED MIXED
CONCRETE
The concrete is partially mixed in the plant
mixer and then balance mixing is done in
the truck mounted drum mixer during
transit time.
The amount of mixing in transit mixer
depends upon the extent of mixing done in
the central mixing plant.
Tests should be conducted to establish the
requirement of mixing the drum mixer.
 Central mixed concrete:

It is also called central batching plant where the

concrete is thoroughly mixed before loading
into the truck mixer.
Sometimes the plant is also referred as wet-
batch or pre-mix plants.
While transporting the concrete, the truck mixer
acts as agitator only.
Sometimes, when workability requirement is
low or the lead is less, non-agitating units or
dump trucks can also be used.
BATCHIN
G PLANT
Advantages of
Ready mix Concrete
over Site mix
Concrete
A centralised concrete batching plant can
serve a wide area.
The plants are located in areas zoned for
industrial use, and yet the delivery trucks
can service residential districts or inner
cities.
Better quality concrete is produced.
Elimination of storage space for basic
materials at site.
Elimination of procurement / hiring of
plant and machinery
Wastage of basic materials is avoided.
Labor associated with production of
concrete is eliminated.
Time required is greatly reduced.
Noise and dust pollution at site is reduced.
Reduce cost.
 Disadvantages of Ready-Mix
Concrete
The traveling time from the plant to the site is critical over longer
distances. Some sites are just too far away, though this is usually
a commercial rather than technical issue.
Generation of additional road traffic; furthermore, access roads,
and site access have to be able to carry the weight of the truck and
load. Concrete is approx. 2.5tonne per m. This problem can be
overcome by utilizing so-called 'minimix' companies, using
smaller 4m capacity mixers able to access more restricted sites.
Concrete's limited time span between mixing and curing means
that ready-mix should be placed within 210 minutes of batching
at the plant. Modern admixtures can modify that time span
precisely, however, so the amount and type of admixture added to
the mix is very important.
 Construction technique no.2
advanced formwork system
 INTRODUCTION
One of the most time consuming
activities in a high-rise / mid-rise
building construction project is the
construction of the main structure.
At the same time it requires more
labor.
But when the latest technologies
are used it can reduce both the time
and labor requirement in
constructing the main structure.
In high-rise building projects,
formwork plays a major role as it
directly affect the floor cycle and
hence it will reduce the time taken
to construct the main structure and
because of that the total duration of
the project will go down drastically.
TYPES OF FORMWORK

The traditional slab formwork

Technique consists of supports
Out of timber or young tree
Trunks, that support rows of
Stringers assembled roughly 3 to
6 feet or 1 to 2 meters apart,
Depending on thickness of slab.

Metal beam slab formwork

similar to the traditional method, but
Stringers and joist are replaced
With aluminium forming systems or
Steel beams and supports are
Replaced with metal props.

Re-usable plastic formwork.

These interlocking and

Modular systems are used
To build widely variable,
But relatively simple,
Concrete structures. The
Panels are light weight and
Very strong. They are
Especially suited for
low-Cost,
mass housing schemes.
The main advantages can be
listed as:
Quicker construction;
Less formwork;

Less scaffolding;

Easier working conditions;

Greater salvage;

Better concrete;

A joint1ess, watertight structure.

TYPES OF ADVANCED FORMWOR
1. CONVENTIONAL TYPE OF FORMWORK

This is the most traditional type of formwork

this uses timber, bamboo, masonry and carpentry to complete
construction.
Low initial cost, low experience factor and low weight are some of the
advantages
while high floor cycle, poor finish, and high labor requirement are the
disadvantages of this formwork type.
This formwork type is still in practice in two three storey building
construction projects.

2. MODERN CONVENTIONAL TYPE OF FORMWORK

Modern conventional type formwork is as much the same as the

traditional slab formwork method
the only difference is that steel props and various types of jacks (U jacks, T
jacks) are used as supports in the formwork instead of timber supports
ply wood sheets are used instead of timber planks on slab decks, beams
and columns.
3. SEMI SYSTEM FORMWORK:
This is a more advanced formwork type than the modern conventional
type as there are pre-fabricated formwork items. There are several
types of semi system formworks and is discussed as below:
(A)Fiberglass formwork:
Fiberglass forms provide a means of producing a concrete surface
that is architecturally acceptable without rubbing and grinding.
Special patterns and designs can be readily moulded into the
material.
Large areas or sections may be made without joints or seams.
When repeated usage is possible, fiberglass is often the most
economical form material.
 (B) Plastic Formwork:
It comes as an individual structural
elements like columns and walls.
Various sized columns and walls are
available in the market.
The formwork is very easy to install
and uninstall and has a very high
repetitive nature.
The ease of application makes it very
useful where faster completion of work
is a criteria.

(C) Fibre - reinforced polymer (FRP)

formwork system:
FRP formwork is used where unique configuration is required for the
arches and columns or any other structural parts.
The FRP formwork pieces were produced using the hand layup
method using moulds fabricated by means of a computer numerical
control (CNC) machine.
ALUMINIUM
PANEL SYSTEM
FORMWORK:

System formwork
has prefabricated
modular components
with casting panels.
The system
formwork can suit
the required shape of
concrete structure.
JUMP FORM SYSTEM TO CONSTRUCT
CONCRETE CORE WALLS OF HIGH RISE /
MID RISE
It is used BUILDINGS:
to construct the core walls of tall buildings in different
countries
reducing construction times, primarily because the process become
repetitive through the whole height of the building.
it consists of a frame constructed from structural steel members over
the score wall.
Steel formwork panels are hung from this frame, some supported
on rollers.
After the concrete walls are
poured, the formwork is
released and rolled back from
the concrete face.
Jacks then lift or climb the
whole frame up one level.
All the formwork panels are
attached to the frame.
 TABLE FORM
WORK
The innovative design of the
table makes for even faster
formwork handling whenever
large floor slabs have to be cast.
Standard functional components
can be installed for
straightforward, speedy and safe
adaptation to changing
The geometry of the building
requirements on the construction
site. will determine your choice.

Standard table forms

are available in two sizes::
2.50 x 4.00 m and 2.50 x 5.00 m;
pre-assembled units; supplied ex
stock.
ADVANTAGE- This simplifies
the handling on the jobsite.
FURTHER SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION
Classifications

CROSS WALL CONSTRUCTION

Reinforcement concrete frame
Advanced slab systems
Precast staircases
 Construction technique no.3
CROSS WALL CONSTRUCTION
BOX FRAME/CROSS WALL CONSTRUCTION
In Box Frame construction, the walls and slabs are cast monolithically in the
form of boxes with the open ends of the boxes as cladded main external walls.
The lateral front and rear walls do not participate in the load bearing
structure.
The load of floors and slabs are carried by internal walls perpendicular to the
principal axis of building called as Cross walls and hence also called as Cross
Wall Construction.

Origin of Cross Wall

Construction :
In traditional buildings, the timber
joists were arranged in the
direction of shorter spans and were
often supported on cross walls or
partition walls rather than columns
or lateral external walls.
PLAN - CROSS WALL CONSTRUCTION

LIGHT CLAD, NON-LOAD BEARING WALLS

CROSS WALLS

WOODEN JOIST
RESTING ON
PARTITION
WALLS
Merits of Cross Wall Construction

Construction of stairs and lift cores as the erection progresses permitting early
access for subsequent trades.
Structural and non-structural elements can be
standardized and can be fabricated, resulting in
speeding up of erection.
The width of windows is not restricted and thus
greater freedom is permitted in respect to
fenestration.
The cross-walls result in economy of labor,
materials and space.
The cross wall being internal are not affected by
weather provided the designed thickness affords a
reasonable standard of sound insulation
(namely,230 mm if of brickwork and 175 mm if of
concrete), no additional thickness is called for, as
the problem of rain penetration does not rise.
`
Demerits of Cross Wall Construction
The limitation of planning which results when the cross
walls are maintained at maximum intervals of about 5.5m.

It is clear that a building would be structurally unsound if

it consisted of a number of detached cross walls extending
through several storeys without lateral or longitudinal ties
or supports, especially when the cladding is the light
weight type.

Renovation work is most difficult in such construction.

Doors need to come in the middle third of the wall.

 Economic Achievement in Box Frame Construction :
As lateral external walls are non-load bearing, so, In contemporary cross
wall construction, the external walls are of relatively light cladded
construction, which is resistant to rain transmission and is adequately
insulated .
Maximum economy is achieved if cross walls are properly planned to be
same distance apart through out the length of the building.
this results in :

Standardization of certain
elements.
Panels of light weight
cladding.
R.C.C. floor having
same imposed load.
Form work concrete can be
used again and again.
Uses
TYPICAL DETAILS:
These are used in
buildings where floor
plans are typical like
hospitals, hotels etc.
This type of construction
is most suited to building
types that are upto 5
storeys high.
The spacing of cross walls
varies from 3-5.5 m
Used at the site where
speedy construction is
done.
Points to take care while constructing
cross wall

Care must be taken to ensure that the end of the cross

walls are sealed to prevent the admission of rain.
The facing of external wall can be of terracotta slabs.
The damp proofing of the cross wall is done with a
fibrous asphalt felt or d.p.c.
To prevent the admission of rain through any defective
joints in the terracotta facing, the end of the wall may be
given two good coats of bituminous paint or other water
repellent emulsion.
 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1. Fe 250- it is mild steel. It is good for tension
only. Used on concreting in ancient times (50-
60 years ago)
2. Medium tensile steel- not much use in
concreting
3. Fe 415- good as it have resistance to torsion
as well as tension.
4. Fe 500D, 600D etc-
theDrepresentsductile.These bars have good
ductile property and are reliable for tension,
compression and torsion.
5. Fibre reinforcements-
Modern approach. Reinforcements are mixed
with concrete homogeneously and then
concreting is done.
Construction technique no.4
precast staircases
 INTRODUCTION
Specially designed staircases that are ready to
install at the construction site
Usually used for fire escape staircases.
 ADVANTAGES:

They are particularly suitable to the

construction of high traffic stair wells such
as commercial and industrial
developments.
Have high quality finish giving a durable
concrete staircase for long maintenance free
life.
Rapid installation and early safe access to
subsequent floors for trades and materials.
Construction technique no.5
waffle grid slab
5. WAFFLE GRID
SLAB
A building system using concrete "waffle slab" floors
supported by columns. The waffle slab is a INTRODUCTION
monolithic-poured concrete slab with a flat top
surface and an under-surface made of a rectangular
grid of deep concrete beams running at right angles.
From the underside, the slab resembles a waffle. The
floor is supported by columns spaced typically 30
feet on center. The system is used in cleanrooms,
areas that require isolation from low-frequency
vibrations and areas that require low floor
deflection.

This type of floor is useful where a widely spaced

column grid is necessary and the floor supports
heavy load because of the use of intermediate cross
beams
If the column grid is increased from about 6.0 to
about 12.0 square or near square it becomes
economical to use a floor with intermediate cross
beams supporting thin floor slabs.
The intermediate cross beam are cast on a regular
square grid that gives the underside of the floor an
interesting appearance of a waffle, hence named.
The waffle grid form of the floor may be cast around plastic or metal
formers laid on timber centering , so the smooth finish of the soffit
may be left exposed.
The tensile stress developed in slab is partially replaced by their
ribs/intermediate beams along orthogonal directions.
These intermediate beams are reinforced with steel to resist flexural
tensile stresses.
USES
This type of floor is used where a widely spaced column grid is necessary
and floors support comparatively heavy loads.

Their profiles may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer.

Waffle slab floors:

(a) without band beams
and
(b) with band beams
 BENEFITS OF WAFFLE SLAB SYSTEM
OVER CONVENTIONAL SLAB SYSTEM
Less use of concrete eliminates concrete,
quantity overruns

Greater strength and stiffness over

conventional slab systems

Savings in construction time over

conventional slab systems

Installation during inclement weather

Insulation benefits

Effective termite protection

Column grid increases from 6m to 12 m

square or near square

They support a thin floor slab and so reduce

the dead weight of the floor as compared to a
flush slab of similar span.
Waffle Raft Pod
standard sizes:
1090 x 1090 x 175 mm
1090 x 1090 x 225 mm
1090 x 1090 x 300 mm
1090 x 1090 x 375 mm
Construction technique no.6
lift slabs
6. LIFT SLABS

Lift slab is a method of erecting post

tensioned reinforced concrete floor
and roof slabs which have been
constructed on the ground.
These slabs are cast monolithically and
are mainly used where the floor plans
are same throughout the height of the
building.
Most commonly used method of
construction involves steel columns;
jacks placed on top of column to lift
the slab, and threaded lifting rods
connected to the jacks and to steel
lifting collars cast into each of the
ADVANTAGES
slabs.
It is highly cost effective and a speedy
construction system.
USES The only formwork required is to soften the
edges of the slabs and no centring is required for
The system can be employed beam the soffit of roofs or floors.
and slab, and waffle grid slabs.

Steel or concrete columns are first fixed in
position and rigidly connected to the
foundation and the ground floor slab is then
cast. CONSTRUCTION
When it has matured it is sprayed with two-
three coats of a separating medium consisting of
wax dissolved in volatile spirit. As an
alternative polythene sheet or building paper is
also used.

Lifting collars are cast in around each of the

columns. They act as shear heads to transfer
forces from slabs to column.

The support of lifting collars are provided by

wedges (also called weld blocks) bearing on the
edges of the plates welded to columns flange.

First floor slab is cast inside edge formwork

on top of ground floor slab and when it is
mature it is in turn treated with separating
medium and the next floor slab is cast on it.
After successive casting of slabs these are lifted by jacks, operating on
top of each column by lifting a pair of steel rod attached to each of lifting
collars.

A central control system synchronises the operation of all the jacks for
uniform and regular lifting.

The bases of columns are rigidly fixed to foundation so than when

lifting begins, they act as vertical cantilevers. Their stiffness increases as
the slabs are raised higher.

The steel lifting collars cast into slab provides a means of lifting the slab
and act as shear reinforcement to the slabs around columns.
THANK YOU !