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1
Convection Principles
(Nusselt Number)
Nusselt Number
Developed by Wilhelm Nusselt
(1882-1957) from Germany
In convection analysis, it is
common practice to non-
dimensionalized the governing
equations and combine the
variables, which group together in
dimensionless numbers to reduce
the number of variables.
2
Convection Principles
(Nusselt Number)
hLc
Nu Lc - Characteristic Length
k k - Thermal conductivity of fluid
3
Convection Principles
(Nusselt Number)
Since:
Heat transfer by conduction occurs when the fluid
is motionless and
Heat transfer by convection occurs when the fluid
involves some motion.
In either case, the heat flux is the rate of heat
transfer per unit time per unit surface area.
q conv h T
T
q cond k
L 4
Convection Principles
(Nusselt Number)
q conv h T h L
k T Nu
q cond L k
Thus Nu represents the enhancement of heat transfer through a
fluid layer as a result of convection relative to conduction
across the same fluid layer. The larger Nu, the more effective
the convection.
5
Convection Principles
(Viscosity)
7
Convection Principles
(Velocity Boundary Layer)
x
Inviscid flow region
Heated Surface
In which the friction effects are
negligible and the velocity
remains constant.
9
Convection Principles
(Velocity Boundary Layer)
10
Convection Principles
(Velocity Boundary Layer)
11
Convection Principles
(Thermal Boundary Layer)
12
Convection Principles
(Thermal Boundary Layer)
Ts+0.99(T-Ts)
Prandtl Number
Developed by Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953) of
Germany.
Reynolds Number
Derived by Osbourne Reynolds (1842-1912)
of Britain
Inertia Forces V L V L
Re
Viscous Forces
V upstream velocity
L characteristic length
= kinematic viscosity of fluid
17
Convection Principles
(Reynolds Number)
Inertia Forces V L V L
Re
Viscous Forces
u xcrit
Flat Plate: Re crit 5 105
19
3.3 Forced convection over an
exterior surface
(laminar and turbulent flow)
20
External Flow
21
External Flow Equations
(Conservation of Mass)
Conservation of Mass
m x u dy 1
Unit Area dv
m y v dx 1 v dy
dy
Unit Area
dx
u
u dy u dx
x
v 22
External Flow Equations
(Conservation of Mass)
u v
u dy v dx u dx dy v dy dx
x y
u v
u dy v dx u dy dx dy v dx dx dy
x y
u v
0 ~ 2-D Continuity Equation
x y 23
External Flow Equations
(Conservation of Momentum)
Conservation of Momentum
dy
ma = Net Force y
P
P P dx
x
dy
dx
24
External Flow Equations
(Conservation of Momentum)
In the x-direction:
u u P 2u 2u
u v 2 2 g x
x y x x y
Body force
Net
du per unit
Net effect of viscous
pressure volume
force and shear forces
In the y-direction:
v v P 2v 2v
u v 2 2 g y
x y y x y
Body force
dv Net Net effect of viscous per unit
pressure and shear forces volume
force 25
External Flow Equations
(Conservation of Energy)
Conservation of Energy
Eheat out, y Emass out, y
E in E out 0
T T 2T 2T u 2 v 2 u v
2
C p u v k 2 2 2
x y x y x y y x
T T 2T 2T
C p u v k 2 2
x y x y
27
Convection over a Flat Plate
T, u Boundary layer
y dy
dx
x
u(x,0)= 0
v(x,0)= 0
T(x,0)= Ts
u v
Continuity: 0
x y
u u 2u
Momentum: u v 2
x y y
T T 2T
Energy: u v 2
x y y
29
Convection over a Flat Plate
Boundary conditions:
At x= 0: u(0,y)= u, T(0,y)= T
At y= 0: u(x,0)= 0, v(x,0)= 0, T(x,0)= Ts
At y= : u(x, )= u, T(x, )= T
u
y
x
30
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Momentum Equation)
u
y
x
u
5
x
For laminar 5.0 5.0 x u x
where : Re
flat plate: u Re
EQN 6-51
x text 31
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Energy Equation)
Energy Equation
Knowing the velocity profile, we can now solve the energy
equation.
Introduce dimensionless temperature:
T x, y Ts
x, y
T Ts
32
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Energy Equation)
hx
q s
k T
y y 0 k 0.332 Pr 1
3
Ts T u
x
Ts T Ts T Ts T
u
hx 0.332 Pr k
1
3
33
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Laminar Flow)
hx x
Nu x
k
Thus for Pr > 0.6, the local Nusselt number for laminar flow is:
Nu x 0.332 Pr Re
1 1
3 2
34
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Laminar Flow)
2 wall 12
CF , x 0.664 Re x
u2
35
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Laminar Flow)
hL 1
Nu 0.664 Re L Pr 3
0 .5
36
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Laminar Flow)
13 13
t Pr Pr
1.026
37
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.1)
x
50 m
This is just the average of the surface temperature and the fluid
bulk temperature.
Ts T 80C 40C
T film 60C
2 2
39
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.1)
40 C
y
80 C
x
50 m
983.3 kg
m3
4.67 kg
m s
k 0.654 W
m C
Pr 2.99 40
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.1)
x 983.3 4 50 m
kg
u m3
m
s
1
4
Re 10,527.8
4.67 kg
m s
t
Pr
0.609 m 2.99
13 13
0.412 m
1.026 1.026 41
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.1)
L 983.3 4 50 m
kg
u m3
m
s
Re 42,111 .3
4.67 kg
m s
42
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.1)
1 u 1 u
h 0.332 Pr k 3
0.332 Pr k
3
x x
0.619 W
2
m C
43
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.1)
q h (Ts T )
0.619 m 2WC 80C 40C
24.8 mW2
44
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Turbulent and Mixed Flows)
45
46
FILM TEMPERATURE
Ts T
Tf
2
47
Boundary layer thickness and the
local friction coefficient
Laminar Turbulent
5x 0.382 x
x x
Re x 5 Re
x
0.664 0.0592
C f ,x C f ,x
Re x 5 Re
x
48
Average friction coefficient
1.328
Laminar Cf ReL< 5 105
Re L
0.074
Turbulent Cf 5 105 < ReL<107
5 Re
L
49
Local Nusselt number
hx x 1
Laminar Nu x 0.332 Re x Pr 3
0.5
Pr >0.60
k
hx x 1
Turbulent Nu x 0.0296 Re x Pr 3
0.8 0.60<Pr <60
k 5 105 < ReL<107
50
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Turbulent and Mixed Flows)
Note: if it had been found that the boundary layer was not
completely laminar another equation for h could have been
used instead.
1 0.6 Pr 60
Nu 0.037 Re Pr 0.8
L
3
5 105 Re 107
Nu 0.037 Re 871 Pr
0.8
L 1
3
0.6 Pr 60
5 105 Re L 107
51
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.2)
Example 3.2 Oil flows over a 40-m long heated plate at free
stream conditions of 5 m/s and 25C. If the plate is held at 45C.
Ts= 45C
u= 5 m/s
T= 25C
40 m
a) Determine the velocity and thermal boundary layer
thicknesses at the middle of the plate.
T Ts 25C 45C
T film 35C
2 2
From Tables for oil at 35C, the fluid properties are:
Pr 3,711
3.5 10 4 m2
s
k 0.2864 W
m C
1,255 m3 kg
53
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.2)
po int 3.5 10 s 4 m2
5 x 5 20 m
x 20 0.187 m or 18.7 cm
Re 2.86 105
13
t Pr
1.026
0.187 m
3,711 0.0118 m or 11 .8 mm
13
1.026
55
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.2)
3.5 10 s 4 m2
0 .8
Nu 0.037 Re 871 Pr
1
3
0.037 5.7110
L
5 0.8
871 3,711
1
3
9,600.7
Nu k
h
L
9,600.7 0.2864 W
68.7
m C W
2
m C
40 m
57
Convection over a Flat Plate
(Example 3.2)
Q h As Ts T
68.7 W
m 2 C
40 m 1 m 45C 25C
54,960 W
58
Forced Convection
(on Cylinders and Spheres)
59
Forced Convection
(on Cylinders and Spheres)
0.62 Re Pr Re
1 1 5 5
hD 2 3 8
Nucyl 0.3 1
k
1 0Pr.4 3
2
1
4
282,000
0.4
4
hD
Pr
2
2 0.4 Re 0.06 Re 3
1
Nu sph 2
k s
60
Forced Convection
(over Circular and Non-Circular Cylinders)
Additionally the following empirical correlations have been made
by Zukauskas and Jakob for the average Nusselt number for flow
over circular and non-circular cylinders (Table 7-1 in text):
61
Forced Convection
(over Circular and Non-Circular Cylinders)
62
Example
63
Forced Convection
(Example 3.3)
V = 8 m/s
Ts=110C
T = 10C
10 cm
64
1m
Forced Convection
(Example 3.3)
k 0.02808 W
m C ; Pr 0.7202
1.896 10 5 m 2
s
65
Forced Convection
(Example 3.3)
V D 8 ms 0.10 m
Re 4. 219 10 4
1.896 10 s 5 m 2
Nu 0.153 Re Pr
0.638 3
122.5
66
Forced Convection
(Example 3.3)
Therefore:
k
h Nu
D
0.02808 mWC
122.5 34.4 W
m 2 C
0.10 m
60
D/2
The surface area of the hexagon is:
D
As 6 L
2 sin 60
3 0.10 m 1 m
sin 60
67
0.346 m 2
Forced Convection
(Example 3.3)
Q h As Ts T
34.4 W
m 2 C
0.346 m 110C 10C
2
1,191.7 W
68
3.5 Reynolds Analogy
69
Forced Convection
(Reynolds Analogy)
71
Forced Convection
(Stanton Number)
h Nu
St
C P V Re Pr
72
Forced Convection
(Reynolds Analogy)
73
Forced Convection
(Chilton-Colburn Analogy)
Pr = 1
P *
0
x
*
x and 3
76
Forced Convection
(Example 3.4)
kg kJ 2m
1.204 3 ; C p 1.007
m kg
77
Pr 0.7309
Forced Convection
(Example 3.4)
Since both sides of the plate are exposed to the air (and
considering the thickness negligibly small) the total surface area
is:
As 2 w L
2 2 m 3 m 12 m 2
78
Forced Convection
(Example 3.4)
F friction D C F As V
1
2
2
Therefore:
2 D 2 0.86 N
CF 0.00243
2
As V 1.204 mkg3 12 m 2 7 s
m 2
79
Forced Convection
(Example 3.4)
C F V C p
h 2
2 Pr 3
0.00243 1.204
kg
m3
7 1007
m
s
J
kg C
2
2 0.7309 3
12.7 m 2WC
80
3.7 Free (natural) convection
81
Free Convection
Cold
can Cold air 82
Free Convection
(Volume Expansion Coefficient)
1 1
T P T P
83
Free Convection
(Volume Expansion Coefficient)
1 1
T T T
T T
84
Free Convection
(Volume Expansion Coefficient)
1 1 RTP 1
P
T P RT T T
85
Free Convection
(Grashof Number)
g Ts T L3c
GrL
2
89
Free Convection
(Raleigh Number)
Ra Gr Pr
g Ts T L3c
RaL Pr
2
hLc
Nu
k
90
91
Cont
92
Free Convection
(Example 3.6)
D= 8 cm
L= 6 m
93
Free Convection
(Example 3.6)
Assume:
Steady operating conditions
Air is an ideal gas
The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm
Ts T 70C 20C
T film 45C
2 2
1 1 1
T f 45C 273 318 K
Lc D 0.08 m
95
Free Convection
(Example 3.6)
g Ts T D 3
Ra D Pr
2
m 1
9.81 s 2 318 K 343 K 293 K 0.08 m 0.7241
3
5 m 2 2
1.749 10 s
1.869 106
96
Free Convection
(Example 3.6)
97
Free Convection
(Example 3.6)
Thus Nu is: 2
0.387 RaD6
1
Nu D 0.60 8
0.559 16
9 27
1
Pr
2
0.60
0.387 1.869 106 6
1
17.4
8
0.559 16
9 27
1
0.7241 98
Free Convection
(Example 3.6)
Then:
k
h Nu
0.02699 mWC
17.4 5.869 m W2 C
D 0.08 m
As D L
0.08 m 6 m 1.508 m 2
99
Free Convection
(Example 3.6)
Q h As Ts T
5.869 W
mC
1.508 m 70C 20C
2
442.5 W
100
Example
(cooling of a plate in different orientations)
101
C C
End Of Convection Section
102